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Y2 - Resp > Lecture 18 - Signs And Symptoms Of Lung Disease > Flashcards

Lecture 18 - Signs And Symptoms Of Lung Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are some diseases involving the airways?

A

Asthma
COPD
Bronchiectasis
Cystic fibrosis

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2
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Bronchiectasis?

A

Permanent dilation of the airways leading to mucus production in the airways

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3
Q

What are some diseases affecting the lung parenchyma?

A

Pulmonary fibrosis
Pneumonia
TB

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4
Q

What is the general issues with pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Reduced lung compliance due to increased elastic tissue deposits

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5
Q

How does pneumonia cause respiratory issues?

A

Infection of the lower respiratory tract leads to build up of inflammatory exudative fluid in the alveoli inhibiting gas exchange

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6
Q

What is a respiratory condition the affects pulmonary circulation?

A

Pulmonary embolism

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7
Q

What are some diseases of the pleura?

A

Pneumothorax
Pleural effusion

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8
Q

What are some diseases of the chest wall and Neuromuscular junctions affecting the respiratory system?

A

Kyphoscolisosis
Myasthenia gravis

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9
Q

What are some key signs and symptoms of respiratory disease?

A

Breathlessness
Chest pain
Sputum
Breath sounds
Haemoptysis

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10
Q

Is dyspnoea a sign or symptom?

A

Symptom but there may be evidence like raised RR and accessory muscle use

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11
Q

What are the main things we need to explore when it comes to breathlessness?

A

Onset, timing and duration
Exacerbating factors
Progression
Severity

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12
Q

What are some questions we can ask in terms of onset, time and duration of breathlessness?

A

How quickly did it come about
Intermittent/reversible?

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13
Q

What are some respiratory causes that would cause sudden onset breathlessness?

A

Massive PE
Massive pneumothorax
Anaphylaxis (air way seals)

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14
Q

what are some respiratory disease that cause breathlessness that takes hours or days to start?

A

Mild to moderate asthma
LRTI

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15
Q

What are some respiratory diseases that cause chronic breathlessness?

A

COPD
Pulmonary fibrosis I

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16
Q

Wht are some common exacerbating factors worsening breathlessness?

A

Cold (asthma)
Pets or pollen
Lying down (cardiac failure)

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17
Q

What is the medical term for breathlessness worsened by lying down that’s seen in cardiac failure?

A

Orthopnea

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18
Q

What is meant by progression in breathlessness?

A

Has it worsened, stayed the same?

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19
Q

What are some ways to describe severity of breathlessness?

A

Housebound
Struggling to communicate
Can’t walk mroe than 100yds
Cant climb stairs

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20
Q

What is an empyema?

A

Collection of pus in the pleural space

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21
Q

What type of breathlessness would an empyema cause?

A

Likely felt ill before, then never fully got better then gets worse as empyem forms

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22
Q

What are some diseases of mediastinal strucutres that can cause chest pain?

A

Acute coronary syndromes
Pericarditis
Oesophagitis/GORD
Aortic dissection

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23
Q

What are some diseases of the pleura causing chest pain?

A

Infection
Pneumothorax
PE (infarction of pleura)

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24
Q

What are some conditions of the chest wall and skin that can cause chest pain?

A

Rib fracture
Costochondritits
Shingles

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25
What causes pleuritic chest pain?
When the parietal pleura is irritated
26
What type of pain is pleuritic chest pain? What worsens it?
Sharp and well localised Worse with coughing and breathing in since pleura sliding over each other
27
Why can pain be experienced at the thoracic wall or shoulder tip with pleuritic pain?
Referred pain via intercostal and phrenic nerve
28
What stimulates the cough response?
Triggering mechanoreceptors/chemoreceoptors within the airways Larynx, trachea and bronchial receptors
29
What is the afferent sensory limb in the cough reflex?
Vagus nerve (X)
30
Describe what happens in the cough reflex:
Receptors in larynx, trachea and bronchi irritated Vocal cords ADduct Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles contract increasing intrathoracic pressure Vocal cords ABduct
31
What needs to be considered when it comes to a cough?
Productive? Character Timing
32
What is meant by a productive cough?
Mucus or Haemoptysis
33
What are some condtions tht produces lots of mucus?
Bronchiectasis or CF
34
What are some causes of Haemoptysis?
TB Lung cancer
35
What is the most common cause of an acute cough?
URTI Should resolve after 10days
36
What type of sputum is produced when theres chronic bronchitis or COPD?
Clear sputum (no infection active)
37
What colour sputum is produced when there’s an infection?
Yellow-green sputum
38
What makes sputum yellow-green?
Neutrophils
39
What condition is lots of yellow/green sputum produced?
Bronchiectasis
40
What drugs can cause a dry cough?
ACEi like ramipril
41
What type of sputum is produced in LV heart failure?
Pink frothy sputum
42
What is a wheeze/what causes it?
Air flowing through a narrowed airway causing turbulent airflow High pitched
43
What part of breathing is a wheeze normally heard in?
Expiration
44
What is stridor?
High pitch constant loud breath sound
45
What stage of breathing is stridor heard in?
Inspiration
46
What causes stridor?
Narrowing in EXTRAthoracic airways like supraglottis, glottis, infraglottis or trachea
47
What conditions are wheezes often heard in?
COPD Asthma
48
What are the general things that are done on clinical examination for a respiratory disease?
Inspect Palpate Percuss Auscultation
49
What is examined on inspeticion for resp disease?
Breathlessness RR Hands, face and chest
50
What is peripheral cyanosis?
Bluish discolouration of the hands, feet, nose and tips of ears Due to cold exposure or decreased CO, vasoconstriction of the peripheries
51
What is central cyanosis?
Much less oxygenated blood reaching the tissues Cuasing the oral mucosa, lips and tongue to be blue
52
What partial pressure and oxygen saturations does central cyanosis occur?
Sats <85% Partial pressure <8kPa
53
What are some accessory muscles to ventilation?
SCM Trapezius Scalene
54
What condition is pursed lip breathing typically seen in?
COPD
55
Why do COPD patients do pursed lips breathing?
To get postive expiratory pressure the extra pressure to allow for the airways to stay open for longer maximising gas exchange time
56
What causes barrel shaped chest?
Lung hyper inflation Seen in COPD especially emphysema (loss of elastin)
57
What is examined in the ppalpation stage of resp exams?
Tracheal position Chest expansionist
58
What is suggested by a patient being hyper resonant on percussion?
Increased air
59
What is suggested by a patient being dull to percussion?
Consolidation
60
What is suggested by a patient being stony dull to percussion?
Fluid like pleural effusion
61
What should a healthy patient sound like on auscultation?
Continous rustling leaf like breathing
62
What is bronchial breathing?
Harsh breath sounds with a gap between inspiration adn expiration
63
What is indicated by hearing crackles on auscultation?
Snapping open and closing of airways Or Air bubbling through secretion s
64
What is indicative of pneumothorax on CXR?
Lungs markings/lung fields dont extend to the edge of the lung

Y2 - Resp (23 decks)

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