Resp: Anatomy Flashcards
How is the nasal cavity divided?
By the medial nasal septum
What are the paranasal sinuses?
- 4 air containing cavities named for the skull bones within which they are situated.
- Lined by respiratory epithelium and open into spaces below the turbinates in the nasal cavity
What can be found the lateral wall of each nasal cavity?
3 bony projections known as turbinates
What do the vascular mucosa do?
- Lined large surface area presented by turbinates and paranasal sinuses
- Allow inhaled air to be warmed and humidified
How does turbulence caused by the turbinates affect airflow?
- Slows down airflow
- Increases the time available for warming and humidification. Air is heated to approximately room temperature
How is humidification achieved?
- Transudation of fluid through the epithelium
- By mucus secretion although lesser extent
How are nostril equipped to trap particles inhaled in air?
- Coarse hairs
- Mucus secretion by the goblet cells traps particles and are wafted by cilia to oropharynx where it is swallowed
What is the common passage for air and food?
-OROPHARYNX
What is the purpose of the larynx?
- Links the pharynx to the trachea
- Contains vocal chords which guard the entrance to the trachea
What is the glottis?
The vocal cords + aperture between the cords
What happens to the entrance to the trachea when swallowing?
- Laryngeal inlet becomes narrowed
- The epiglottis folds downwards over laryngeal inlet
- The vocal cords come together to act as a sphincter closing off the entrance to the trachea
Which muscles cause movement of the vocal cords?
Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
What nerve supplies the intrinsic laryngeal muscles ( except the cricothyroid muscle)?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
What can intra-thoracic disease lead to?
Compression of the recurrent laryngeal nerve on the left side which can result in a hoarse voice due to paralysis of the left vocal cord
Why is the left side of the recurrent laryngeal nerve at risk?
It has a long course part of which is inside the thoracic cavity
Hooks under arch of aorta
If the larynx and vocal cords are dysfunctional, what can the effect of this be?
Trachea may not be properly closed off during swallowing hence there is a risk of inhalation of food/liquid.
What is the purpose of the cough reflex?
Protective mechanism to expel inhaled particles and also serves as a clearance mechanism for disposing of excessive secretions from the airways.
What can the opening between the vocal cords present as?
Airway obstruction and difficulty in breathing which can be an emergency
What is the first sign of the intra-thoracic disease?
Voice change
What is the bronchopulmonary segment?
Area of lung supplied by segmental bronchus and the accompanying segmental branch of the pulmonary artery. It is drained by segmental pulmonary vein.
Pyramid shaped with its apex facing towards segmental bronchus and base toward lung surface
What is the blood supply for the lungs?
Bronchial arteries and pulmonary arteries.
What is the purpose of the bronchial arteries?
Supply the bronchial tree and visceral pleura with oxygenated blood.
How is most of the blood supplied to the bronchial tree and visceral pleura returned to the heart?
Pulmonary veins
How many pulmonary veins leave each hilum?
2
What is the lymphatic drainage of the lungs?
- Hilar nodes (bronchopulmonary nodes)
- Tracheobronchial nodes (efferents from bronchopulmonary nodes)
How is the lung innervated?
Right and Left vagus nerves and the sympathetic trunk
How is the bronchial smooth muscle innervated?
Parasympathetic efferents from the vagus are motor to the bronchial smooth muscle
How are the mucous glands innervated?
Secretomotor nerves
How is the diaphragm shaped?
Dome shaped
- Right dome lies at the left of the 5th rib
- Left at the level of the 5th intercostal space
Where does the apex of the lung extend to?
Root of the neck
What are the local effects of apical lung cancers?
Involve
- Subclavian artery: affects blood supply
- Subclavian vein: affects blood supply
- Brachial plexus: Neurological problems
- Sympathetic chain: affect sympathetic innervation of head and can cause Horner’s
- Laryngeal nerve: hoarse voice
- Phrenic nerve: loss of Diaphragm innervation
What are some example causes of puncture in the lungs?
Stab wounds of the lower neck and cannulation of the subclavian vein
Which vertebral levels do these structure pass through the diaphragm?
A)Vena Cava
B)Oesophagus
C)Aortic Hiatus
A) T8
B) T10
C) T12
What is the importance of the azygos veins?
They collect blood from the intercostal spaces and drain it into the vena cava.
What is the structure of the right and left lobe of the lung?
- The left lobe has a superior and inferior lobe.The left lobe has an indentation as a result of the heart.
- The right lobe has superior, inferior and middle lobe most of the time.
What is the pathway for the movement of air into the lungs?
- Trachea
- Primary bronchi
- Secondary bronchi
- Tertiary bronchi
- Terminal bronchioles
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Alveoli
How does the respiratory system develop?
Develops as a diverticulum from the pharynx
What is the purpose of the nasal cavity?
- Induce turbulent flow
- Warm and moisten inspired air
- Recover water from expired air
- Speech production
- Olfaction (sense of smell)
What is the role of turbinates?
- Increase in surface area of contact between air and mucosa
- Induces turbulence of air so increase efficiency for exchange
Which arteries supply the lung tissue itself with oxygen in the event of a pulmonary embolism?
Bronchial arteries
How many fissures are on the left and right lungs?
Left lung: Oblique fissure
Right lung: Horizontal Fissure and Oblique Fissure
Which sits more posteriorly? Oesophagus or trachea
Oesaphagus
What is special about the articulation of Ribs 11 and 12?
They do not articulate with their cartilages anteriorly
