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Kofi: Pure Clinical Sem 3 > H&N: Ear > Flashcards

H&N: Ear Flashcards

1
Q

Which bone are parts of the ear found?

A

-Temporal bone

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2
Q

What is Ramsay hunt syndrome?

A
  • Chicken pox of the facial nerve

- Geniculate ganglion affected by reactivation of the chicken pox virus

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3
Q

What is cauliflower ear?

A
  • Secondary to blunt injury to the pinna
  • Accumulation of blood between cartilage and perichondrium
  • Ischaemia of the cartilage leading to necrosis due to lack of blood supply
  • If untreated or poorly treated it can lead to fibrosis and new asymmetrical cartilage development leading to cauliflower ear
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4
Q

How can cauliflower ear be treated?

A
  • Prompt drainage of the haematoma and measures to prevent re-accumulation and re-apposition of two layers are necessary
  • Provides the cartilage back its blood supply
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5
Q

What is the purpose of the arrangement of hairs and production of wax in the ear canal?

A
  • Prevent objects entering deeper into ear canal

- Aids in desquamation and skin migration out of canal

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6
Q

How long is the external acoustic meatus?

A

-2.5 cm

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7
Q

What is the effect of facial nerve lesion on the middle ear?

A
  • Tensor tympani and stapedius are no longer innervated
  • Excessive vibrations are no longer impeded
  • Patient presents with hyperacousis
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8
Q

What is otosclerosis?

A
  • Ossicles fused at articulations in particular between base plates of stapes and oval window
  • Sound vibrations cannot be transmitted
  • Causes deafness
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9
Q

What is glue ear?

A
  • Build of fluid and negative pressure in middle ear
  • Due to Eustachian tube dysfunction and can predisposes to infection as the fluid is the ideal growth medium for bacteria
  • Decreases mobility of TM and ossicles affecting hearing
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10
Q

How is glue ear treated?

A
  • Most resolve spontaneously in 2-3 months but some may persist
  • May require grommets to ventilate middle ear. Equilibriation of pressure is the purpose of the grommet
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11
Q

What is acute otitis media?

A
  • Acute middle ear infection

- More common in infants, children than in adults

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12
Q

What is the symptoms of acute otitis media?

A
  • Otalgia
  • Temperature
  • Red +/- bulging TM and loss of normal landmarks
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13
Q

Why is acute otitis media more common in children?

A
  • Pharygotympanic tube is shorter and more horizontal in infants
  • Easier passage for infection from nasopharynx to the middle ear
  • Tube can block more easily, compromising ventilation and drainage of middle ear, increasing risk of middle ear infection
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14
Q

What are some complication of acute otitis media?

A
  • Tympanic membrane perforation
  • Facial nerve involvement
  • Mastoiditis

Intracranial complications

  • Meningitis
  • Sigmoid sinus thrombosis
  • Brain abscess
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15
Q

What is mastoiditis?

A
  • Middle ear cavity communicates with mastoid air cells via mastoid antrum and auditus.
  • Provides a potential route for middle ear infections to spread to mastoid bone
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16
Q

Which nerve can be affected by middle ear pathology?

A
  • Facial nerve

- Chorda tympani branch may be involved as it runs through the middle ear cavity

17
Q

What is cholesteatoma?

A
  • Abnormal skin growth growing into the middle ear eroding strructures such as ossicle, mastoid bone, cochlea
  • Not malignant
  • Usually secondary to chronic ear infections or secondary to Eustachian tube dysfunction
18
Q

What are the symptoms of choleastoma?

A
  • Painless
  • Often Smelly otorrhea
  • Sometimes Hearing loss
19
Q

Which regions normally lead to sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Inner ear

20
Q

Which regions normally lead to conductive hearing loss?

A
  • Middle ear

- External Ear

21
Q

How can we hear?

A
  • Auricle and external auditory canal focuses and funnels sound waves towards tympanic membrane which vibrates
  • Vibration of ossicles sets up vibrations in cochlear fluid through the oval window
  • Sensed by sterocilia in cochlear duct
  • Movement of the stereo cilia in organ of Corti trigger action potentials in cochlear part of cranial nerve VIII
  • Primary auditory cortex
22
Q

What are examples of diseases of middle ear?

A
  • Merniere’s disease
  • BPPV
  • Labrynthitis: inner ear infection
23
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of inner ear?

A
  • Vertigo
  • Hearing loss and tinnitus
  • Nystagmus
24
Q

What are some causes of sensorineural hearing loss?

A
  • Presbyacusis
  • Meniere’s disease
  • Acoustic neuroma
  • Ototoxic medications
25
Q

How does the sensation of the ear popping occur?

A
  • Eustachain tube is normally closed
  • Salpingopharyngeus
  • Pull of attached palate muscle when swallowing or yawning cause it to open
  • This is noticed as ears popping
26
Q

What are the ossicles called found in the middle ear?

A
  • Malleus
  • Incus
  • Stapes
27
Q

What forms the wax in the external auditory meatus?

A

-Cerumen from skin lining and discarded cells of the skin

28
Q

What equipment is used to examine the external auditory canal inspected?

A
  • Otoscope

- Speculum

29
Q

How is the external auditory canal straightened for examination?

A

-Up, back and out for better visualisation

In children down and back

30
Q

What are the results of a normal person in a Rinner’s and Weber’s test?

A
  • Air Conduction>Bone Conduction

- Centre

31
Q

What is the purpose of the Weber’s test?

A

Lets you know which side is affected but not whether it is sensorineural or conductive

32
Q

What are the results of a conductive hearing loss in a Rinner’s and Weber’s test?

A
  • Bone Conduction>Air Conduction

- Louder at the affected ear in Weber’s test

33
Q

What are the results of a sensorineural hearing loss in a Rinner’s and Weber’s test?

A
  • Air Conduction>Bone Conduction

- Louder at the unaffected ear in Weber’s test

34
Q

Describe the theory behind the Weber’s Test

A
  • Normal ambient sounds are conducted
  • The ringing is conducted to the inner ear
  • If the conductive affect the normal ambient sounds aren’t transmitted so the sound from the tuning fork is heard louder
  • If sensorinerual, the ambient sounds are heard more than the tuning fork so the sound in heard louder at the unaffected side

Kofi: Pure Clinical Sem 3 (44 decks)

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