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Kofi: Pure Clinical Sem 3 > Repro: Structure > Flashcards

Repro: Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What covers the corpus cavernosa in the penis and seminiferous tubule?

A

Fibrous capsule (Tunica albuginea)

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2
Q

Which structure derived from the peritoneum covers the testes and what is it’s structure?

A

Tunica Vaginalis

  • Parietal layer
  • Cavity
  • Visceral layer
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3
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Semineferous tubules

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4
Q

Where does the sperm mature and learn to swim (motile)?

A

In the Epididymis

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5
Q

What is the rete testis?

A

Hilum of the testes where things go in and come out

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6
Q

What is a hydrocoele?

A

A collection of serous fluid within the tunica vaginalis. It is most commonly due to a failure of the processus vaginalis to close.

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7
Q

What are sertoli cells?

A
  • Sertoli cells are the somatic cells of the testis that are used for spermatogenesis.
  • They are vital for maturation of sperm by providing nutrition and hormonal support to germ cells.
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8
Q

What is the purpose of Leydig cells?

A
  • Sit outside of tubules and are involved in testosterone synthesis.
  • Involved in lipid metabolism
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9
Q

Why does the left testicle hang lower than the right?

A

Greater resistance for drainage for the left so it hangs lower

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10
Q

What is testicular torsion?

A
  • Testicular torsion occurs when the spermatic cord twists upon itself.
  • This causes an increase in the pressure in the region and this leads to occlusion of the testicular artery, resulting in necrosis of the testes.
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11
Q

Why are the testicles sutured after receiving a testicular torsion?

A

The individual normally has a predisposition for the spermatic cord to twists upon itself

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12
Q

How is the spermatic fascia formed?

A

-Testes evaginate the abdominal wall as they are pulled through the gubernaculum.

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13
Q

What are the fascial coverings of the spermtic cord?

A
  • External spermatic fascia
  • Cremaster muscle and fascia
  • Internal spermatic fascia
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14
Q

What is the anatomical course of the vas deferens?

A
  • It is continuous with the tail of the epididymis.
  • Travels through the inguinal canal.
  • Moves down the lateral pelvic wall in close proximity to the ischial spine.
  • Turns medially to pass between the bladder and the ureter.
  • Joins the duct from the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct.
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15
Q

Which part does BPH and prostate cancers affect?

A
  • BPH affects the transitional zone

- Prostate cancers tend to affect the peripheral zone

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16
Q

Why does BPH present earlier than prostate carcinomas?

A

The BPH affect the transitional zone whereas prostate carcinoma is usually in the peripheral zone. This means that symptoms (trouble urinating) presents earlier

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17
Q

What occurs at the pelvic floor during catheterisation?

A

It is the narrowest part of the urethra so increased resistance so you have to keep pushing

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18
Q

What are the functions of the penis?

A
  • Expulsion of urine via urethra
  • Deposition of sperm in female genital tract
  • Removal of competitors’ sperm
  • Attraction of mates
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19
Q

How does an erection form?

A
  • Vasodilation in penile arterioles and compression of veins.
  • Sinusoidal relaxation
  • Tunica albuginea is thick and doest expand so more blood.
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20
Q

How is vasodilation initiated in an erection?

A

By parasympathetic stimulation

21
Q

How is an erection terminated?

A

Vasoconstriction of arterioles

22
Q

Which nervous system control emission and ejaculation?

A

Sympathetic Nervous system

23
Q

What is the structure of the penis?

A
  • 2 corpus Cavinosum

- 1 Corpus spongiosum

24
Q

Why do women sometimes get a sharp pain at ovulation?

A

The oocyte pops out of the ovary and breaches the peritoneum. Parietal peritoneum surround the ovary and is filled with somatic nerves which innervate it.

25
Q

How are the collagen fibres of the tunica albuginea of the penis arranged?

A
  • Arranged at right angles to each other.

- There are circumferential collagen fibres and parallel collagen fibres

26
Q

What symptoms do ovarian cysts present with?

A
  • Can rupture or undergo torsion which gives you pain
  • Bloating
  • Stretching
27
Q

What are the parts of the uterus?

A
  • Fundus (top)
  • Body (middle)
  • Cervix (bottom)
28
Q

What is the appearance of the cervix in pregnant woman?

A

-Slit like appearance

29
Q

What is the appearance of the cervix when the woman hasn’t been pregnant?

A

-Circular appearance

30
Q

What are the symptoms experienced as the foetus grows?

A
  • Acid reflux due to mechanical compression
  • Hormones makes lower oesophageal sphincter leaky
  • Constipation
  • Urinary frequency increases due to bladder being squashed
  • Extreme stretch of ligamentous structures
31
Q

What is the most common site for ectopic pregnancies?

A

Ampulla

32
Q

What is important to confirm when a young woman presents with abdominal pain?

A

You need to confirm with a pregnant test as if its a ruptured ectopic pregnancy, the woman can bleed to death due to pregnant.

33
Q

What is the function of the Peg cells?

A

They nourish and maintain the egg

34
Q

What moves the egg into the uterine tube?

A

The fimbriae

35
Q

How can infection spread into the peritoneum through the vaginal canal?

A

The uterine tube open into the peritoneal cavity so infection can spread into the peritoneum from the vaginal canal

36
Q

What is the broad ligament?

A

Peritoneal fold.

37
Q

What is the round ligament?

A

Remnants of the gubernaculum.

-Pulls the gonads down from the top of the abdomen to the pelvis

38
Q

What is the suspensory ligament?

A

Neurovascular pathway bulging into the peritoneum.

39
Q

Where is the mesometrium?

A

-Largest part of the broad ligament and covers the uterus up to the lateral pelvic wall

Runs laterally to cover the external iliac vessels, forming a distinct fold over them. The mesometrium also encloses the proximal part of the round ligament of the uterus.

40
Q

What is the mesosalpinx?

A

Originates superiorly to the mesovarium, enclosing the fallopian tubes. Hangs from the tubes

41
Q

What is the mesovarium?

A
  • Part of the broad ligament associated with the ovaries
  • Projects from the posterior surface of the broad ligament and attaches to the hilum of the ovary, enclosing its neurovascular supply. It does not cover the surface of the ovary itself.

(Imagine it suspending the ovary)

42
Q

What is the blood supply and drainage to the uterus?

A
  • Uterine artery for supply

- Uterine veins for drainage

43
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the uterus?

A

Iliac, Sacral, Aortic and Inguinal lymph nodes

44
Q

What is the epithelium lining the vagina?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

45
Q

Why is there lots of glycogen in the vagina?

A

Favourite food for lacto-bacilli. Maintains acidic pH due to conversion of glycol to lactic acid. This acts as defence against infection

46
Q

How does the structure of the Fallopian tube facilitate transport of the ovum towards the uterus?

A

-Tissue structure has cilia which help to waft the egg to the uterus

47
Q

Why could there be pain in shoulder top following ruptured ectopic pregnancy?

A
  • Internal bleeding could irritate the diaphragm
  • This can irritate the phrenic nerve which has sensory nerve roots at C3, C4 and C5
  • This can lead to pain at the shoulder
48
Q

What can be palpated at the:
A. Posterior fornix
B. Lateral fornix
C. Anterior fornix

A

A. Assessment of the rectouterine pouch
B. Assessment of the adnexal masses
C. Uterus

Kofi: Pure Clinical Sem 3 (44 decks)

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