Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Kofi: Pure Clinical Sem 3 > Repro: Sexual Response > Flashcards

Repro: Sexual Response Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the human sexual response?

A
  • Excitement phase (phychogenic and/or somatogenic stimuli)
  • Plateau phase
  • Orgasm phase
  • Resolution phase (return to haemodynamic norm followed by a refractory period)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the penis?

A
  • Pelvic nerves and pelvic plexus
  • Cavernous nerve to corpora and vasculature
  • Fibres from the lumbar and sacral spinal levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the neurophysiology of an erection?

A
  • Inihibiton of sympathetic arterial vasoconstrictor nerve
  • Activation of PNS
  • Activaton of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic, autonomic nerves to arteries to release Nitric Oxide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is NO made and what is the role?

A
  • Post ganglionic fibres release ACh
  • ACh bonds to M3 receptors on endothelial cells
  • Rise in Ca2+ and activation of NOS and formation of NO
  • Nitric Oxide diffuses into vascular smooth muscle and causes relaxation
  • NO also released directly from nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are causes of erectile dysfunction?

A
  • Psychological
  • Tears in fibrous tissue of corpora cavernosa
  • Vascular
  • Drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is emission?

A

Emission

  • Movement of semen into prostatic urethra
  • Contraction of Smooth muscle in prostate, vas deferens and spinal vesicles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is ejaculation?

A

Expluson of semen

  • Contraction of glands and ducts
  • Bladder internal sphincter contracts preventing retrograde ejaculation
  • Rhythmic striatal muscle contractions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does the cervical mucus vary through the menstrual cycle?

A
  • Oestrogen leads to thin and stretchy mucus lining

- Oestrogen and progesterone form a thick and sticky plug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the fertile windrow of oocytes and spermatozoa?

A

Spermatozoa - 48-72 hours

Oocytes - 6-24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is acrosome?

A
  • Organelle on the anterior half of of the head of the spermatozoa
  • Derived from Golgi region of developing spermatid
  • Contains enzymes
  • Necessary for fertilisation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the fertile period?

A

Sperm deposition up to 3 days prior to ovulation or day of ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the acrosome reaction?

A
  • Sperm pushes through corona radiata
  • Binding of sperm surface receptor to ZP3 glycoprotein of zona pellucida
  • Triggers acrosome reaction
  • Digestion of zona pellucida
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the cortical reaction?

A

If fertilisation occurs, there is a fusion of plasma membrane to block polyspermy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does the completion of meiosis 2 occurs when there is fertilisation?

A
  • Series of calcium waves are activated following fusion of oocyte and sperm membranes
  • Resumption of meiosis 2 occurs
  • Pronuclei move together
  • Mitotic spindle forms leading to cleavage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is significant about a morula?

A

Each cells at this stage of development is totipotent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does the blastocyst form and hatch?

A
  • Differetation to form inner and outer cell mass
  • Formation of blastocyst
  • Blastocyst hatches from zona pellucida
  • No longer constrained so now free to enlarge
  • Can interact with uterine surface to implant
17
Q

How is implantation controlled?

A
  • Endometrium controls degree of implantation
  • Transformation of endometrium into decidua In presence of the conceptus
  • Decidual reaction provides the balancing force for the invasive force of the trophoblast
18
Q

What are methods of contraception?

A
  • Natural
  • Barrier
  • Hormonal
  • Prevention of implantation
  • Sterilisation
  • Emergency contraception
19
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of abstinence?

A

Advantages
-100% reliable method of contraception

Disadvantages
-No sex

20
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of barrier contraceptions?

A

Advantages

  • Reliable
  • Protection from STIs
  • Male condom is widely available

Diadvantages

  • Disrupt romantic nature of sexual intercouree
  • Reduces sexual pleasure
  • Danger of expiring
  • Allergy/Sensitivity to latex/Spermicide
21
Q

What are barrier contraceptions?

A
  • Male and female condoms

- Diaphragm caps

22
Q

What is the effect of lower dose of progesterone as a contraceptive pill?

A

-Thickens cervical mucus

Ovulation still likely

23
Q

What is the combined contraceptive pill and its action?

A

Synthetic oestrogen and progesteron taken for 21 days (+- 7 day placebo)

  • Prevents ovulation
  • Reduces endometrial receptivity to inhibit implantation
  • Thickens cervical mucus to inhibit penetration of sperm
24
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of combined oral contraceptive pill?

A
  • Can relive menstrual disorders
  • Reduces risk of ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer

Disadvantages

  • Interaction with other medications
  • Contraidications and side effects
  • Increased risk of breast cancer, cervican cancer, VTE, MI, Stroke
  • No protection from STIs
25
Q

What are methods of giving high dose progestogen as a contraceptive and its actions?

A
  1. Intramuscular injections given at intervals
  2. Progestogen pill

99% effective

Action

  • Inhibits ovulation
  • Thickens cervical mucus
  • Prevent endometrial proliferation
26
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the progestogen implant?

A

Advantages

  • Reliable
  • LARC
  • It can be useful for women who can’t use contraception that contains oestrogen
  • Natural fertility return quickly when removed

Disadvantages

  • Minor procedure to insert
  • Side effects
  • No STI protection
27
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of low dose progestogen only pill?

A

Advantages

  • Quickly reversible
  • It does not interrupt sexual intercourse
  • Can be used where the COCP is contraindicated

Disadvantages

  • User dependant
  • Menstrual problems are common
  • Interacts with other medication
  • Risk of ectopic pregnancy
  • Does not protect from STI’s
28
Q

What are method of inhibiting implantation?

A

-Intrauterine system
Progestogen-releasing plastic device that works for 3-5 years. It prevents impantating and reduces endometrial proliferation.

-Intrauterine device
Plastic device with added copper. Works for 5-10 years
Copper is toxic to ovum and sperm
Also causes endometrial inflammatory reaction to prevent implantation and changes the consistency of cervical mucus

29
Q

What are the advantages and disavantages of IUD and IUS?

A

Advantages

  • Convenient
  • Long duration of action

Disadvantages

  • Insertion may be unpleasant
  • Risk of uterine perforation
  • Menstrual irregularity
  • Doesn’t prevent STI
  • Displacement/expulsion may occur
30
Q

What are methods of sterilisation?

A
  • Vasectomy (the vas deferens is interrupted to prevent sperm entering ejaculate
  • Tubual Ligation/Clipping (Fallopian tubes cut or blocked to stop ovum travelling from the ovary to the uterus)
31
Q

What are methods of emergency contraception?

A
  • Emergency IUD
  • Emergency pill with ulipristal acetate
  • Emergency pill with levonorgestrel
32
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of progestogen injections?

A

Advantages

  • Reliable
  • Does not interrupt sexual intercourse
  • Can be useful for women who can’t use COCP

Disadvantages

  • Appointment needed every 12 weeks
  • Contraindications and side effects
  • Delay in fertility returning
  • No STI protection
33
Q

What are the principles of lactational amenorrhea method of contraception?

A
  • Breastfeedng delays the return of ovulation after childbirth
  • Sucking stimulus disrupts release of GnRH
  • Affect feedback cycle of HPG axis
  • Relies on exclusive breast feeding and is only effect for up to 6 months after giving birth
34
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of lactational amenorrhea method of contraception?

A

Advantages
-No hormone/contraindications

Disadvantages

  • Unreliable
  • No STI prevention
35
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of withdrawal method and fertility awareness methods?

A

Advantages
-No devices/hormones

Disadvantages

  • Not reliable (some sperm release in pre ejaculate, will power reliant)
  • No protection for STI’s

Kofi: Pure Clinical Sem 3 (44 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions