Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Kofi: Pure Clinical Sem 3 > H&N: Nose & Larynx > Flashcards

H&N: Nose & Larynx Flashcards

1
Q

Which bones in the facial skeleton are more susceptible to fracture?

A
  • Nasal bone due to prominence
  • Zygomatic bone
  • Mandible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How the pituitary gland be accessed?

A

Through the nasal cavity through the sphenoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a septal hematoma?

A
  • Cartilaginous part of the septum takes blood supply from the overlying perichondrium
  • Trauma to nose can lead to buckling of the septum and shearing of blood vessels
  • Blood accumulates between the perichondrium and cartilage
  • This leads to less blood supply to cartilage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the effect of untreated septal haematoma?

A
  • Avascular necrosis of cartilaginous septum
  • Saddling of nasal dorsum
  • Can develop infection in the collecting haematoma
  • Septal abscess formation further increases likelihood of avascular necrosis of septum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are nasal polyps?

A
  • Swelling of nasal mucosa
  • Usually bilateral
  • Pale or yellow in appliance/fleshy and reddened
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the symptoms of nasal polyps?

A
  • Blocked nose and watery rhinorrhoea
  • Post nasal drip
  • Decreased smell and reduced taste
  • Unilateral polyp +/- blood tinged secretion may suggest tumour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is rhinitis?

A

-Inflammation of the nasal mucosal lining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are symptoms of rhinitis?

A
  • Nasal congestion
  • Rhinorrhoea
  • Sneezing
  • Nasal irritation
  • Post nasal drip
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are common causes of rhinitis?

A
  • Acute infective rhinitis (common cold)

- Allergic rhinitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is epistaxis?

A

Nose bleed

-Mucosa and blood vessels easily injured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which branches does the arterial supply to the nasal cavity arise from?

A
  • Ophthalmic artery

- Maxillary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is formed in the anterior septum?

A 
Arterial anastomoses (Kiesselbach's area)
-Most common source of bleeding in epistaxis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the relevance of the venous drainage from the nasal cavity?

A
  • Pterygoid venous plexus
  • Cavernous sinus
  • Facial vein

This means infection can spread intracranially

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What arteries supply blood to nasal cavity?

A
  • Anterior ethmoidal
  • Posterior ethmoidal
  • Sphenopalatine artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which type of epistaxis is potentially more serious?

A
  • Bleeding from the sphenopalatine artery

- Potentially more serious and difficult to treat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Air filled extensions of nasal cavity which are lined by respiratory mucosa
  • Helps to humidify and warm inspired air
  • Drain into the nasal cavity via mall channels called Ostia into the meatus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is acute sinusitis?

A

-Acute inflammation of lining of sinus. Commonly infective and often secondary to viral infection of nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are symptoms of acute sinusitis?

A
  • Non resolving cold or flu like illness
  • Pyrexia
  • Blocked nose and rhinorrhoea (yellow/green discharge)
  • Headache/facial pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the pathophysiology of acute sinusitis?

A
  • Primary infection leads to reduced ciliary function, oedema of nasal mucosa and sinus Ostia and increased nasal secretions
  • Drainage from sinus is obstructed
  • Stagnant secretion within the sinus become ideal breading ground for bacteria (secondary infection)
  • Caused by dental infections and respiratory infections.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How can the cricothyroid membrane be used in an emergency?

A

-Emergency access to provide patent airway for the patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What forms the vocal and vestibular ligament?

A
  • Quadrangular membrane forms the vestibular ligament

- Upper free border of cricothyroid ligament-thickened edge forming the vocal ligament

22
Q

What is found between the vestibular and vocal folds?

A

Ventricle which leads laterally and upwards into the saccule. Contains mucus glands that keep vocal folds moist

23
Q

What is the epithelium lining of the larynx?

A

Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

-Stratified squamous epithelium on the true vocal cord lining

24
Q

What is the purpose of the laryngeal muscles?

A
  • Closing of the larynx during swallowing to protect the respiratory tract
  • Act to open larynx and allow movement of air during inspiration and expiration
  • Control movement of vocal cords in phonation and in cough reflex
25
Q

Which intrinsic muscle isn’t supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve of the vagus?

A

-Cricothyroid muscle which is supplied by external branch of superior laryngeal nerve

26
Q

What is the position of the vocal cords in deep breathing?

A

-Widely abducted

27
Q

What is the position of the vocal cords during phonation?

A

-Adducted

28
Q

What leads to hoarseness of voice especially when attempting high pitched sounds?

A
  • Injury to the external branch of superior laryngeal nerve

- Closely related to the superior thyroid artery

29
Q

What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve supply?

A
  • Sensory to subglottic

- Motor to the intrinsic muscles (except cricothryoid)

30
Q

What does the superior laryngeal nerve supply?

A
  • Internal branch provides sensory to the supraglottic

- External branch supplies motor to the Cricothyroid

31
Q

What is the path of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A
  • Arises distally
  • Loops under the right Subclavian artery on the right
  • Loops under the arch of aorta on the left
  • Ascends the tracheo-oesophaageal groove
  • Close relationship with inferior thyroid arteries supplying thyroid gland
32
Q

What are the causes of vocal cord palsies?

A
  • Thyroid Surgery causes damage to the nerve due to reaction with he inferior thyroid artery
  • Aortic arch aneurysm (LRLN)
  • Cancer involving the apex of the lung (RRLN)
  • Disease or surgery involving larynx, oesophagus or thyroid
33
Q

What is the effect of unilateral lesion of the RLN?

A
  • Paralysed vocal cord assumes a paramedian position between fully abducted and fully adducted
  • Unilateral palsies may lead to hoarseness of voice and sometimes ineffective cough
  • Often the contralateral sides compensates in time
34
Q

What is the effect of bilateral lesion of the RLN?

A
  • Both vocal cords paralysed and in paramedic position
  • Narrow glottis
  • Significant airway obstruction. Needs an emergency surgical airway
35
Q

What are the signs of bilateral vocal cord palsies?

A
  • Cyanosis
  • Hypoxia
  • Distress
  • Raised respiratory rate
  • Stridal breathing
  • Often more acute and dangerous
36
Q

What are other conditions affecting the larynx?

A
  • Laryngitis
  • Laryngeal nodules
  • Laryngeal cancer
  • Croup
  • Epiglottittis
  • Laryngeal oedema
37
Q

What does the nasal septum consists off?

A
  • Perpendicular plate
  • Ethmoid bone
  • Septal cartilage
  • Vomer
38
Q

What are the four major paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Maxillary
  • Frontal
  • Ethmoidal
  • Sphenoid

Maxillary narve supply

39
Q

Which sinus is most prone to infection and why?

A

-Maxillary sinus and because of the location of its opening high on the wall of the nasal cavity.

40
Q

What is the purpose of the turbinates?

A

Increase surface area in order to warm, humidify and slow down air

41
Q

Where does the olfactory nerve run in the nasal cavity?

A

Upper part of the nose

42
Q

What does the larynx consist of?

A

-Series of cartilages and bone held together by membranes, ligaments and muscles

43
Q

Where is the larynx found?

A
  • Hyoid bone superiorly

- Trachea below

44
Q

What are the regions of the larynx?

A
  • Supraglottis
  • Glottis
  • Subglottis
45
Q

What joins the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage?

A

-Thyrohyoid membrane

46
Q

What joins the cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage?

A

-Cricothyroid membrane

47
Q

What forms the structural framework of the larynx?

A
  • Epiglottis
  • Thyroid
  • Cricoid
  • Arytenoid cartilages (paired)
48
Q

What connects the epiglottis and arytenoid cartilages?

A

Aryepiglottic folds

49
Q

What are the structural features fo the cartilages of the larynx?

A
  • Thryoid is shield like and has a laryngeal prominence.
  • Cricoid cartilage is signet-ring shaped. It is the only complete ring of cartilage in the respiratory tract
  • Arytenoid sits on top of the cricoid cartilage posteriorly one on each side
50
Q

What are the two folds of mucosa lining the interior of the larynx?

A
  • Vestibular fold (false vocal cords)

- True vocal cord containing vocal ligament.

51
Q

What is the space found between the true vocal cords?

A

-Rima glottis

52
Q

Which is the only intrinsic muscle that abducts the vocal cords to allow breathing?

A

-Posterior Cricoarytenoid

Kofi: Pure Clinical Sem 3 (44 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions