Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phg 201 > Resp 3,4,5,6 > Flashcards

Resp 3,4,5,6 Flashcards

1
Q

PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF GASEOUS EXCHANGE.

(1) Gases are in ____ motion and move (diffuse) from area of ____ concentration to ____ concentration.
(2) ____ energy is provided by the motion of the molecules.
(3) The total pressure of the gas is ____ proportional to the ______ of the gas molecules.
(4) Pressure of gas in solution is also determined by its _________.

A

random ; higher ; lower

Kinetic

directly; concentration

solubility coefficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Solubility coefficient of respiratory gases are given as

CO2 (_____ )

O2 ( ______ )

CO (_____)

N2 (______)

He (______ ).

A
  1. 57
  2. 024
  3. 018
  4. 012
  5. 008
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

CO2 has a (high or low?) solubility coefficient

A

High

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Co2 is not attracted to water

T/F

A

F

It is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Henry’s law is used to define the relationship:

Pressure =__________/______

A

Concentration of dissolved gas

Solubility coefficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Iseoluwa, for the partial pressure stuff, say how it is moving

Starting from inspired air😉

A

Inspired air

Alveolus

Arterial blood

Venous blood

Expired air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Partial pressure of water vapor in venous blood and the rest

A

Inspired air is 5.7mmHg

The rest are 47.0mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Unit for inspired air is ????

A

MmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Between , oxygen, co2, h20, and N2

Which ones have the lowest and highest PP on inspired air and what’s their values

A

Lowest :Co2 ;0.3

Highest: oxygen; 158.0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

From inspired air to expired air, partial presssure of oxygen reduces all through

T/F

A

F

It increases from venous blood to expired air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the trend of oxygen partial pressure with values from inspired air to expired air

A

158

100

95

40

116

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the trend of co2 partial pressure with values from inspired air to expired air

A

0.3

40

40

46

32

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING GASEOUS EXCHANGE
1. Pressure difference: Gases will diffuse from an area of ____ concentration to an area of ____ concentration.

  1. Thickness of respiratory membrane.
    Normally about _____.
    Factors that increase thickness (like ____) (increase or reduce?) diffusion
  2. Surface area of membrane.
    When surface area available for diffusion is reduced (eg._______ or _____) , exchange is (impeded or augmented ?) even under resting conditions.
A

higher

lower

0.5μm; fibrosis; reduce

Emphysema or pneumonia

Impeded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Arterial PO2 < Alveolar PO2 because of ______________:

(a) ______ veins drain blood from ____ direct to _______.
(b) _______ anastamosis: Parts of ______ (systemic blood) draining into _____.

A

artero-venous shunts

Thebesian; myocardium; left ventricle

Broncho-pulmonary

bronchial venous blood

pulmonary veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Diffusing capacity of a gas refers to the ____ of gas that diffuses through the membrane each ____ for a pressure difference of ______.

A

Volume

minute

1 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Unit of diffusing capacity is??

A

Ml/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Diffusing capacity of O2 is about ___ml/min.

For CO2 it is about ____-____ ml/min/mmHg. (___ times (greater or lesser?) than O2).

A

21

400 - 450

20; greater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

For a given gas the diffusing capacity is

(a) _______ proportional to the size of the respiratory membrane.
(b) _______ proportional to the thickness of respiratory membrane.

A

directly

Inversely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Effect of exercise on diffusing capacity on O2, Co2, and CO

A

Exercise increases the diffusing capacity of O2, CO2 and CO.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN
The delivery of O2 to the different parts of the body is made possible by :
(a)the _____ system
(b) the _______ system.

A

respiratory

cardiovascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q 
O2 delivery to a particular tissue depends on:
      - amount of O2 entering the \_\_
      - adequacy of \_\_\_\_\_\_ exchange
      -\_\_\_\_\_ flow to tissue
      -degree of (constriction or dilatation?) of vascular bed in tissue \_\_\_\_\_
     -capacity of \_\_\_\_ to carry O2      
    amount of \_\_\_\_\_ O2
    amount of \_\_\_\_ in blood
    affinity of \_\_\_\_ for \_\_\_\_
A

lungs

pulmonary-gas

blood

constriction

cardiac output

blood; dissolved; Hb

Hb for O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Theoretically,
At 100% saturation 1g of Hb binds _____ ml of O2
Called the ___________ capacity of Hb.

A

1.39

theoretical O2 binding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The theoretical O2 binding capacity of Hb is theoretical because :

____% of binding sites cannot function as O2 carriers because some Hb is present as _______ (____%).
Other sites are occupied by ___ (____%).

A

2-4

methemoglobin; 1-2

CO; 1-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Realistically, at 100% saturation,

1g of Hb contains ____ ml of O2.

A

1.34

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

100 ml of blood contains ___ ml (___ x __) of O2 bound to Hb when fully saturated.

A
  1. 1

1. 34 x 15

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

in systemic circulation, blood is 100% saturated
T/F

If T , why
If F , why

A

F

97

because of slight admixture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

in systemic circulation, blood is 97% saturated and at this level of saturation,

1g of Hb contains ___ ml of O2 or ____ ml of O2/100 ml blood.

A
  1. 30

19. 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Oxygen is transported in 2 forms in blood

(a) In \_\_\_\_\_. In arterial blood \_\_\_ ml or \_\_\_% is carried    (b) In combination with \_\_. \_\_\_\_ ml or \_\_\_% is carried
A

solution

0.29; 1.5

Hb

19.5; 98.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

In venous blood, Hb is ____% saturated.

A

75

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

In venous blood, Hb is 75% saturated.

At this level of saturation,

1 g of Hb contains ___ ml of O2.

The total O2 content is therefore ____ ml/100ml blood.

___ml/100 ml or ___% of blood is carried in solution

___ ml or ____% is carried in combination with Hb.

A
  1. 02
  2. 3
  3. 1; 0.7
  4. 2; 99.3
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

At rest, ___ ml O2 /100ml blood (___-___) are extracted.

____ ml (3.8%) is in solution.

_____ ml (96.2%) is in combination with Hb.

A
  1. 5
  2. 8 - 15.3
  3. 17
  4. 33
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Two pigments, ______ and _____, play important roles in the transport of oxygen.

A

hemoglobin (Hb) and myoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

HEMOGLOBIN

  • Protein made up of ___ subunits.
  • A subunit contains a ____ moiety attached to a _____ chain.
A

4

heme

polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Heme is made up of _____ and __ atom of ______ iron.

A

porphyrin

1

ferrous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Each of the 4 iron atoms in heme can bind (reversibly or irreversibly?) with ___ molecule.

Reaction is ____ and iron stays in the ____ state.

A

Reversibly

O2

OXYGENATION

ferrous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

______ structure of Hb determines its affinity for O2.

A

Quaternary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Oxygenation Reaction of Hb with O2

Ise!!!, say it line by line

A

Hb4 + O2  Hb4O2
Hb4O2 + O2  Hb4O4
Hb4O4 + O2  Hb4O6
Hb4O6 + O2  Hb4O8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Hb Dissociation curve is ____ shaped

A

sigmoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

MYOGLOBIN.
____ containing pigment found in ____ muscle.
- Binds __ mol of oxygen per mole
- Dissociation curve is ________ shape
- Picks up O2 from Hb in blood (because its curve is to the ____ of Hb curve.
- Releases O2 only at ___ PO2 eg. In exercising muscles.
- Facilitates diffusion of O2 from ____ where _____ reactions occur.

A

Iron

skeletal

1

rectangular hyperbola

Left

low

blood to mitochondria

oxidative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Factors affecting the affinity of Hb for O2.

Answer with right or left

  • A fall in pH
  • an decrease in pCO2
  • an increase in temperature
  • an decrease in [2,3-DPG]
A

Right
Left
Right
Left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

In a state of the oxy-Hb curve moving to the right,

a (higher or lower?) pO2 is required for Hb to bind to a given amount of O2.

   This implies (lesser or greater?)  dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin and
   Therefore (lesser or greater?) unloading of oxygen to the tissues.
A

Higher

Greater

Greater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

During exercise or in active tissues:
pCO2 is ____, pH is ___ and temperature is ____.

More O2 is therefore (loaded or unloaded?) to the active tissues where it is needed.

A

high

low

high

Unloaded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

P50
The ____ at which Hb is ___ saturated with O2

Describes the shifts.
The higher the P50, the (lower or higher?) the affinity of Hb for O2.

A

PO2

Half

Lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Bohr effect is the ___ease in O2 affinity of Hb when the pH of blood ____.

A

Decr

falls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Which bind more H?

Deoxygenated Hb or Oxygenated Hb

A

deoxygenated Hb binds H+ more actively than oxyhemoglobin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

an increase in pH, a fall in pCO2 a fall in temperature or a fall in [2,3-DPG] shifts the curve to the _____ and ___eases unloading of O2 to the tissues.

A

left

Decr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The following factors affect the concentration of 2,3-DPG.

a) pH: 2,3-DPG ____ when pH is low

_____,______,and _______ Hormones increase the concentration of 2,3-DPG.

A

falls

Thyroid, Growth hormone and Androgens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

TRANSPORT OF CARBON MONOXIDE

Carboxyhemoglobin

CO displaces ___ from Hb and is carried through _____ resulting in ________.

A

O2

systemic capillaries

CO poisoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Bond between CO and Hb is about ____ times (weaker or stronger?) than bond with oxygen

A

210

Stronger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Treat CO poisoning with _______

(___% O2 at ____ atmospheres pressure).

A

hyperbaric oxygen

100

2 – 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Carboxyhemoglobin in blood of active nonsmokers is not more than _____%

A

1.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

TRANSPORT OF CARBON DIOXIDE

CO2 is carried in 3 forms in blood.
(1) In _____

(2) As _______
(3) As _____

A

solution

Carbamino compound

bicarbonate ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Venous blood contains about ____ml of CO2 per 100 ml of blood.

A

52.7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

About _____ ml of CO2 is produced in the adult human body per minute.

A

200

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

CO2 is carried in 3 forms in blood.
(1) In solution: ___% of CO2 is carried in the dissolved form in plasma.

(2)As Carbamino compound:___% of CO2 is carried as a chemical compound with ___.

(3) As bicarbonate ion (The chloride shift).
___% of CO2 is carried in the bicarbonate form.

A

10

30; Hb

60

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

The dissolved CO2 is inversely proportional to the PCO2.

T/F

A

F

Directly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

CO2 (reversibly or irreversibly ?) combines with hemoglobin to form a carbamino compound.

A

Reversibly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

HCO3- is formed directly by the ______ of _____ by ____ inside the ____.

Reaction is catalysed by _____
• present inside the _____
• absent in _____.

Carbonic acid so formed breaks down into _____ and _____

A

hydoxylation; CO2

water; red cells

carbonic anhydrase

red cells

plasma

H+ and HCO3-.

59
Q

Carbonic acid so formed breaks down into H+ and HCO3-.

  • The excess HCO3- in the red cell (about ____%) leaves the red cell in exchange for ____ ions.
  • The exchange is called the _____ and is mediated by the membrane protein ______.
A

70

Cl-

chloride shift

Band 3

60
Q

THE ALVEOLI.
• High PO2 causes ___ to replace ____ on the Hb molecule (_____ effect).
• ______ reactions take place and ___ diffuses (up or down?) the gradient into the _____
• Deoxygenation shifts the composite CO2 curve (upward or downward ?)
• Change in CO2 content occurs as arterial blood passes through ______ and becomes ________

A

O2; CO2

Haldane

Reversed; CO2; down; alveolar sacs.

Upward

systemic capillaries

venous blood.

61
Q

Elements of the control system include the sensors (_____,____), which make input to the central controller (_____,_____ and other parts of brain). The central controller analyses input and sends output through ______ portions of cord to the effectors (___________) which modify the activity of the sensors.

A

Chemoreceptors, lungs

pons, medulla

ventrolateral

respiratory muscles

62
Q

NEURAL CONTROL OF RESPIRATION. There are 2 distinct mechanisms (a) _______ (b) _______ control.

A

voluntary

automatic

63
Q

Voluntary control of respiration (e.g __________ ) is controlled by the _______.

Impulses are sent to the respiratory motor neurons via the _____ tract.

Automatic control of respiration is by ______ and ______

A

breath holding

cerebral cortex

corticospinal

medulla oblongata and pons.

64
Q

THE RESPIRATORY CENTERS
Found in ______ and ______

Produce ______ respiration.

Function is to receive, evaluate and emit signals to ____________.

A

medulla oblongata and pons.

Automatic

respiratory muscles

65
Q

Medullary centers of respiration is Made up of :

(ii) ______ group of neurons
(ii) ________ group of neurons

A

Dorsal respiratory

Ventral respiratory

66
Q

Dorsal respiratory group of neurons (DRG) :

Located within the _________

Sensory termination of ____ and ____ cranial nerves.

Contains (INSPIRATORY or expiratory?) neurons and generates ________

A

nucleus tractus solitarius

IX and X

inspiratory

basic respiratory rhythm.

67
Q

Nervous impulse to inspiratory muscles from DRG is instantaneous

T/F

A

F

not instantaneous but in a ramp fashion.

68
Q

Which is longer

Inspiration time or expiration

A

inspiration time is longer than expiration time.

69
Q

THE RAMP AND ITS CONTROL: HOW WE BREATHE
During inspiration, ramp ___eases rapidly causing the ____ to ____ rapidly.
Thus the earlier the ramp ceases the (shorter or longer?) the rate of inspiration.
This leads to an _____ease in respiration.

A

Incr

lungs to fill

Shorter

Incr

70
Q

During respiratory cycle, medullary respiratory centers transmit a characteristic pattern of activity to motor neurons supplying muscles of _____.

A

respiration

71
Q

There are ___ inspiratory and ___ expiratory phases.

A

one

two

72
Q

Inspiratory phase begins with _______ in ______, followed by a ____-like ___ease in ______ throughout the remainder of inspiration.

End of inspiration is signaled by ________ which abruptly decreases the firing rate.

A

an abrupt increase; discharge frequency

ramp

Incr

firing rate

an off-switch

73
Q

At the start of expiration, there is an ____ease in the activity of _____ motor neurons (Expiratory Phase _).

A

Incr

inspiratory

I

74
Q

Inspiratory activity is ______ during Expiratory Phase 2.

When ventilation is increased as in exercise, active stimulation of the expiratory muscles occurs only during expiratory phase ___.

A

completely abolished

II

75
Q

The Ventral Respiratory Group of Neurons (VRG) of the medullary respiration centers

Has 2 divisions.
Cranial division is located in the _______
Caudal division is found in ________
Functions:
(a) To drive the ___________ motorneurons (primarily the _______ and ______ muscles).
(b) To drive the auxiliary muscles of respiration innervated by the _____.

A

nucleus ambiguluus.

nucleus retroambigualis.

spinal respiratory ; intercostal and abdominal

vagus

76
Q

B) The Pontine Respiratory Centers. Made up of:

(a) _______ Center.
(b) ______ Center

A

Pneumotaxic

Apneustic

77
Q

The Pontine Respiratory Centers. Made up of:
(a) Pneumotaxic Center. Located in the ______ (nucleus _____).
Prevents arrest of respiration at ______ (______). ____eases rate of respiration.

(b) Apneustic Center. Located in the _______

A

upper pons

parabrachialis

inspiration; apneusis

Incr

lower pons.

78
Q

Apneustic Center is tonically active.

T/F

A

T

79
Q

Apneustic Center

Inhibited by ______ center.

A

pneumotaxic

80
Q

ROLE OF PONTINE CENTERS: To make ______ discharge of medullary neurons ______ and ____

A

rhythmic

smooth and regular.

81
Q

DESCENDING PATHWAYS

(1) Axons from the cortex, DRG, VRG and pontine centers descend in the ____ matter and influence the _____,____ and _____ motorneurons of respiration.
(2) Descending axons from cortex travel also in the ________ or _________ tracts.
(3) Projecting axons from DRG and VRG cross the midline and descend in the _________ columns of the cord.

A

white

phrenic, intercostal and abdominal

lateral corticospinal or cortico-rubro-spinal

ventro-lateral

82
Q

CHEMICAL CONTROL OF RESPIRATION

Chemoreceptors are specialized receptors that transduce _____ stimuli in blood into _____ signals.

A

chemical

nervous

83
Q

There are 2 types of chemoreceptors

a) The _____ Chemoreceptors
(b) The _____ Chemoreceptors or Chemosensitive areas of the ______.

A

Peripheral

Central

Medulla

84
Q

The Peripheral Chemoreceptors.

These are the _______ and ______

A

carotid bodies and the aortic bodies.

85
Q

The carotid bodies: These are located (ventrally or dorsally?) at the _______ of the ______

A

dorsally

bifurcation of the common carotid artery.

86
Q

Afferent and efferent neurons run in the carotid sinus nerve and with the ___ nerve to terminate in the _____ respiratory center.

A

IX

medullary

87
Q

In man carotid bodies weighs about __ mg and is about _ mm in length.

Blood flow is about ____ ml/min/100gm tissue.

A

10

4

2000

88
Q

Due to the enormous flow through the carotid bodies chemoreceptors, O2 needs can be met largely by ________ alone.

A

dissolved O2

89
Q

Carotid bodies chemoreceptors are stimulated by anemia and carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning
T/F

Why for your answer

A

Carotid bodies chemoreceptors are not stimulated by anemia or carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning

In each case amount of dissolved O2 reaching the receptors is normal although the combined O2 in blood is markedly reduced.

90
Q

Carotid bodies Receptors are stimulated:

(a) When arterial PO2 is ___
(b) When due to ____ the amount of O2 delivered to the receptors per unit time is _____.
(c) Powerful stimulation is also produced by drugs such as ____, which prevent O2 _____ at the tissue level.
(d) In sufficient doses,______ and ____ activate the receptors.

A

Low

stasis

reduced

cyanide

utilization; tissue

nicotine and lobelline

91
Q

The aortic bodies: Located mainly at the _____

Afferent and efferent neurons run in the aortic nerves and with the ____ nerve to end in the _______ respiratory center.

A

arch of aorta.

vagus

medullary

92
Q

The histology of the carotid and aortic bodies are dissimilar
T/F

A

F

They are similar

93
Q

The histology of the carotid and aortic bodies are similar.

They contain Type I ( _____ ) and Type II (______) cells.

Type I cells are _____ in nature ,10 - 15 μm in diameter , have a ____ nucleus , organelles are also found

Type II cells have a _____ nucleus and organelles.

A

glomus

sustentacular

epitheloid; rounded

rounded

94
Q

In histology of aortic and carotid bodies

Type ___ cells surround the Type __ cells.

Nerve fibres are found between Type I and Type II cells.
T/F

A

II

I

T

95
Q

STIMULANTS OF CHEMORECEPTORS:

These are

(a) (reduced or increased?) partial pressure of arterial oxygen
(b) ____eased partial pressure of carbon dioxide
(c) (reduced or increased? pH.

A

reduced

Incr

Reduced

96
Q

THE CHEMOSENSITIVE AREAS OF MEDULLA

Are specialized groups of cells located within the _______ surface of the medulla.

Are sensitive to the ____ around them.

Since the ECF is in contact with the ______, changes in pH of ECF can affect ____ by acting on these chemoreceptive cells.

A

ventro-lateral

ECF

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

ventilation

97
Q

The CSF is a protein free fluid.

T/F

A

T

98
Q

CSF is formed from blood and the ionic composition is similar to that of blood.
T/F

A

F

CSF is formed from blood but the ionic composition is not similar to that of blood.

99
Q

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER.
Separates _____ from ____.

Has (low or high?) ionic permeability

A

blood

CSF

Low

100
Q

CO2 diffuses slowly across the blood brain barrier.

T/F

A

F

Rapidly*

101
Q

PCO2 in CSF parallels arterial PCO2 tension.

T/F

A

T

102
Q

Chemosensitive area is sensitive to changes in either P___ or [H+] and in turn excites other portions of respiratory center.

A

CO2

103
Q

The stimulatory effect of the chemosensitive area on the respiratory system is greatest in the first ______ and declines over the next _____

This is due to _____ readjustment of [H+] back to normal.

A

few hours

1-2 days.

renal

104
Q

HYPOXIA
Defined as ____ deficiency at _____ level.

Can be classified into

(a) ______ hypoxia
(b) _______ hypoxia
(c) ________ hypoxia
(d) ________ hypoxia.

A

oxygen

tissue

Hypoxic; Anemic; Stagnant; Histotoxic

105
Q

Hypoxic Hypoxia:

Caused by:
(1) A ___ease in the partial pressure (PO2) in (inspired or expired ?) air.
This is seen at (high or low?) altitude or by breathing an _____-poor gas mixture.

(2) ____ventilation brought about by airway _____, paralysis of respiratory muscles, depression of respiratory center with drugs like _____ or by increased airway resistance as seen in ______ or _____
(3) ———_———-diffusion block
(4) Abnormal ______-____ ratio

A

Decr

Inspired

High

oxygen

Hypo; obstruction; morphine

asthma or emphysema.

Alveolar – capillary

ventilation – perfusion

106
Q

Alveolar – capillary diffusion block. This is seen in _____ of alveolar or pulmonary walls or pulmonary fibrosis or in cases of ___eased total area of normal alveolar membrane ( _______ ).

A

fibrosis

Decr

pneumonia

107
Q

Abnormal ventilation – perfusion ratio

This is seen in _______ and _______ congenital heart disease.

A

emphysema and cyanotic

108
Q

Anemic Hypoxia

In anemic hypoxia, ________ is normal but the __________________ is reduced.

A

arterial PO2

amount of Hb available to carry oxygen

109
Q

_______ Hypoxia is seen in carbon monoxide poisoning.

A

Anemic

110
Q

Stagnant Hypoxia: In this case,
blood flow to the tissue is ____ and adequate oxygen is not delivered to it despite a normal _____ and ________
This condition is seen in ___________ failure.

A

slow

PO2 and Hb concentration.

congestive heart

111
Q

Histotoxic Hypoxia:
The amount of oxygen delivered to the tissue is _____
However, the tissue cannot __________ because of the action of a ______

A

adequate

make use of the oxygen supplied

toxic agent.

112
Q

______ hypoxia is seen in cyanide poisoning due to the inhibition of _______.

A

Histotoxic

cytochrome oxidase

113
Q

Cyanide is present in sometimes high concentrations in _________________ meals.

A

badly prepared cassava

114
Q

HYPERCAPNEA
This is the retention of _____ in the body.
Results when the rate of CO2 ______ is greater than its ______.

A

carbon dioxide

formation

removal

115
Q

HYPERCAPNEA

Increased PCO2 in the body would result in respiratory (acidosis or alkalosis?) and excretion of large amounts of ______.

Other effects are depression of the central nervous system, confusion, diminished sensory acuity, coma and respiratory depression.

A

acidosis

bicarbonate

116
Q

In asphyxia and drowning, _____ and ______ are present.

There is ___eased respiration, BP, HR, catecholamine secretion and __ in pH. Eventually BP and HR ____ and individual dies of cardiac arrest.

A

hypoxia and hypercapnea

Incr

fall

fail

117
Q

DEEP SEA DIVING

Ambient pressure increases by 1 Atmosphere for every ____ depth in sea water and every __ m in fresh water.

A

10m

10.4

118
Q

_____ gears reduce hazards associated with deep sea diving

A

SCUBA

119
Q

Problems associated with Increased Barometric Pressure

O2 _____ Euphoria
Lung ____ Impaired Performance
Convulsions Tremors
N2 _____ Somnolence

A

toxicity

damage

Narcosis

120
Q

Decompression Sickness:

Related to _____ of ____

___ ascent can reduce the risk

Remedy:
Substitution of ___ for ___ in inhaled air.

A

Rate of ascent

Slow

He for N2

121
Q

Which is more soluble and by how much

Helium or nitrogen

A

Nitrogen is more soluble

Helium is ½ as soluble as N2 in tissues and 1/7 M.W. of N2.

122
Q

If ascent is rapid

N2 escapes from solution

_______ form in tissues and blood causing _________
Pain in ______
Itching
Obstruction in (arteries or veins?)in ___ causing paralysis and respiratory failure.

A

Bubbles

decompression sickness

joints

Arteries

brain

123
Q

HIGH ALTITUDE

Results in (increased or reduced ?) barometric pressure and (increased or reduced ?) PO2

Thus the following will result
   Hypoxic stimulation of Chemoreceptors
   \_\_\_\_ease in ventilation
   (increased or reduced ?) alveolar PCO2 and thus arterial PCO2
   Respiratory (acidosis or alkalosis?)
A

reduced

reduced

Incr

Reduced

alkalosis

124
Q

In unacclimatized subjects (at ____ ft) that breathe air the following hypoxic symptoms will result:
Drowsiness, lassitude, mental and muscle fatigue, headache, nausea and euphoria

A

12,000

125
Q

Effect of increasing altitude on barometric pressure and PO2 in air

A

Reduces both

126
Q

Acute Mountain Sickness develops ______ after arrival at altitude and lasts for _____days

A

8 – 24hrs

4-8

127
Q

Acute mountain sickness

Headache                
Nausea and vomiting
Irritability                
\_\_\_\_\_\_ Edema
Insomnia                
\_\_\_\_\_\_ Edema
\_\_\_\_lessness            
Decreased \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

Pulmonary

Cerebral

Breath

Mental proficiency

128
Q

Acute mountain sickness

Treatment
____ treatment.

Rest

____ altitude ______.

Avoid ______

A

O2

Ascend; slowly

physical exertion

129
Q

ACCLIMATIZATION AT LOW PO2.
Due to a variety of mechanisms which include:

___ease in [2,3-DPG] leading to increase O2 delivery to tissues

___ease in erythropoetin secretion

___ease in mitochondria

____ease in myoglobin

___ease in tissue content of cytochrome oxidase

A

Incr

Incr

Incr

Incr

Incr

Incr

130
Q

NATURAL ACCLIMATIZATION OF HUMAN BEINGS LIVING AT HIGH ALTITUDE

Living at altitude of 13,000 – 17,500 ft and working at ____ft (_____ Andes and ____)

Natives born and live all their lives at these altitudes

A

19,000

Peruvian

Himalayas

131
Q

In a human being, acclimatization begins when??

A

Acclimatization begins at infancy

132
Q

NATURAL ACCLIMATIZATION OF HUMAN BEINGS LIVING AT HIGH ALTITUDE

Chest size is (greatly or slightly?) ___eased

Body size is (greatly or slightly?) ____eased

Thus, a high ratio of _____capacity to _____

Hearts are considerably (smaller or larger?) than hearts of lowlamders and therefore have ___eased cardiac output.

Delivery of O2 to tissues is also highly facilitated.

A

Greatly; incr

Slightly; decr

ventilatory

body mass.

Largers

Incr

133
Q

REDUCED WORK CAPACITY AT HIGH ALTITUDE

Hypoxia due to high altitude causes
mental _____, ___eased work capacity in all muscles (skeletal and cardiac)

Work capacity is reduced in _____ proportional to the decrease in maximum rate of oxygen uptake that the body can achieve.

A

depression

decr

direct

134
Q

Some people that ascend altitude rapidly may develop acute ____ edema and acute _____ edema if not given oxygen and may ___.

A

cerebral

pulmonary

die

135
Q

Cerebral edema

  • results from local vaso_____ of the cerebral vessels caused by ____
  • leads to severe _____ and other effects related to cerebral dysfunction.
A

dilation

hypoxia

disorientation

136
Q

Cause of pulmonary edema is _____.

A

unknown

137
Q

CHRONIC MOUNTAIN SICKNESS: Results from remaining at ____ altitude for _____

A

high

too long

138
Q

Characteristics of chronic mountain sickness

(1) Red cell mass and hematocrit become _______.
Results in ____ease in blood viscosity
___eased tissue blood flow
Oxygen delivery to tissue ____eases

(2) Pulmonary arterial pressure becomes (elevated or depressed?) even more than the normal (elevation or depression ?) during acclimatization
(3) Right side of the heart becomes ____
(4) Peripheral arterial pressure begins to ___[
(5) ________ failure ensures
(6) Death often follows if person is not removed to lower altitude.

Most people recover within ____ or ____ if moved to a _____ altitude.

A

exceedingly high; incr; Decr; Decr

Elevated; elevation

greatly enlarged

fall

Congestive heart

days or weeks

lower

139
Q

PHYSIOLOGY OF EXERCISE

  1. Changes In Ventilation
    (b) Abrupt ____ease in ventilation with onset of exercise
    (c) A more gradual ___ease
    (d) Abrupt ____ease in ventilation when exercise ceases

During moderate exercise, changes in ventilation are due to:
Increase in _____ (VT) of respiration
Increase in ____ (f) of respiration as exercise becomes strenuous

A

Incr

Incr

Decr

depth

rate

140
Q

Abrupt Increase in ventilation is due to:
_______ Stimuli
Afferents from ______ in muscles, tendons and joints

The more gradual increase in ventilation
Humoral:
Increase in _____ (Questionable)
Increase in _____
___ease in sensitivity of respiratory centre to CO2
Increase in ____

A

Psychic

proprioceptors

[H+]

temperature

Incr

[K+]

141
Q

Physiology of exercise

2) Changes In Tissues:

(A) During exercise
Capillary beds (dilate or constrict ?)
Previously closed capillaries ____
Mean distance from blood to tissues is ___eased thus facilitating movement of O2 from blood to cells

(B) Contracting muscle uses O2 thus causing
Tissue PO2 to ____ to nearly ____
(More or less ?) O2 diffuses from blood
Blood PO2 ____ further and (More or less ?) O2 dissociates from _____ to ___

(3) ___ease in Temperature
(4) ____ease in [2,3-DPG]

A

Dilate

open

Decr

fall; zero

More

drops;more

Hb to cells
Incr
Incr

142
Q

At end of Exercise

Abrupt ____ in ventilation

___ debt
Accumulated ___ have to be removed before ventilation can return to baseline.

A

fall

O2

H+

143
Q

At the end of the exercise, the ventilation reaches baseline before accumulated hydrogen ions are removed

T/F

A

F

It doesn’t

144
Q

FATIGUE
Poorly understood or phenomenon
But may be due to effects of :
(Acidosis or alkalosis?) on brain
Muscles becoming ____ during _______
Accumulation of Substance P which stimulates ____ receptors
Accumulation of interstitial fluid in muscles during _____

A

Acidosis

ischemic; long contractions

pain

exertion

Phg 201 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions