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Phg 201 > CVS > Flashcards

CVS Flashcards

1
Q

ORGANISATION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

•The cardiovascular system is a (open or closed?) system of a pump and conduits in the body through which blood circulates.

A

Closed

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2
Q

CVS

•It consists of:

a. the HEART -which is the ____
b. the BLOOD VESSELS – the ______

A

pump

conduit channels.

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3
Q

The heart has four chambers – left and right atria and left and right ventricles.

Though it is actually two pumps in (series or parallel?) .

A

Series

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4
Q

The left ventricle pumps blood through the arteries and arterioles (________) and capillaries (______) vessels, through the venules and veins (______) vessels back into the right atrium.

The right atrium pumps the blood into the right ventricle to complete the ventricular filling.

A

conductance

exchange

capacitance

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5
Q

The right ventricle pumps blood through the ______ circulation.

A

Pulmonary

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6
Q

The pulmonary circulation is a (low or high?) pressure circulation while the left ventricle pumps blood through the (low or high?) pressure ______ circulation.

A

Low

High; systemic

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7
Q

The atria assist the ventricles by forcing extra blood into the ventricles after the period of ‘ _______ ’. This improves the efficiency of the pumps.

A

passive filling

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8
Q

The generation of a pressure head by the _____ action of the ____ and the sustenance of this pressure by the ____ properties of the _____ ensure the constant flow of blood round the whole body.

A

pumping; heart

elastic; arteries

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9
Q

THE HEART

  • The heart is made up of a different type of muscle, known as the cardiac muscle or _______.
  • The cells of the heart muscle are (short or long?) and (straight or branched?) and join to each other at ___ junctions with ____ discs- which allow for communication between the cells.
  • This arrangement makes the whole cardiac muscle to function as a continuous unit called _______.
A

MYOCARDIUM

Long; branched

gap ; intercalated discs

syncytium

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10
Q

intercalated discs

porous or non -porous discs

A

Porous discs

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11
Q

The superior and inferior vena cava join to form the _____ and open into the _____ near the location of the ________ Node.

The right atrium opens into the right ventricle through the atrio-ventricular valve (_____ valve).

While left atrium opens into the left ventricle through the ______ valve.

The ______ septum separates the left ventricle from the right ventricle.

A

sinus venosus

right atrium

Sino-Atrial (SA)

TRICUSPID

BICUSPID MITRAL

interventricular

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12
Q

The pulmonary valve (____) guards the opening of the _______ to the pulmonary artery while the aortic valve is at the opening of the _____ into the aorta.

A

Semilunar

right ventricle

left ventricle

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13
Q

The left atrium receives _____ blood from the ______ veins.

A

oxygenated

pulmonary

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14
Q

The cusps of the AV valves are supported by the ________ which are specialised tissue anchored to the _______

A

chordae tendinae

ventricular walls.

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15
Q

A cut section through the wall will reveal the various layers of cardiac tissue epicardium on the outside, myocardium in-between and the endocardium covering the chamber wall. There is a Parietal pericardial membrane surrounding the heart and with the visceral pericardium create a space surrounding the heart.

A

Ah

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16
Q

BLOOD VESSELS
•The aorta and arteries act as a (high or low?) -pressure storage reservoir.

  • The flow of blood into the arteries during systole ____ the outflow at the arteriolar end and thus leads to ___ease in arterial volume and pressure.
  • During diastole, _____ of the arterial walls provides a _____ to propel blood out of the arteries and thus maintain flow.
A

High

exceeds
Incr

elastic recoil

driving force

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17
Q

The (thin or thick?) aorta contains mainly ____ tissue

arteries contain ____ tissue and ______

the arterioles contain mainly contractile _____.

Capillaries which are exchange vessels contain mainly _______.

A

Thick; elastic

elastic; smooth muscle

smooth muscle

epithelial cells

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18
Q

Capillaries feed into (thin or thick?) -walled venules that coalesce to veins that contain valves which are ____ vessels and vena cava that return blood to the right atrium.

A

Thin

capacitance

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19
Q

The electrical excitation of the heart starts from the _____ node which is at the head of a specialised cardiac conduction system.

•___ node —________ ______________ -________ – other muscle fibres of ventricles.

A

sino-atrial

SA

internodal pathways

Atrioventricular node

Bundle of His

Purkinje fibres

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20
Q

The electrical excitation of the heart starts from the Sinoatrial node (SA node), the ______ which is at the head of a specialised cardiac conduction system.

A

pacemaker

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21
Q

Anterior Internodal pathway of ___
Middle “ “ “ _______
Post. “ “ “ of ____

A

Bachman

Wenckebach

Thorel

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22
Q 
Conduction velocities of parts of the heart
•SA node               \_\_\_ m/s
•Internodal pathways   \_\_\_ m/s
•AV node               \_\_\_\_\_ m/s
•Bundle of His            \_\_m/s
•Purkinje Fibres        \_\_\_ m/s
•Other muscle fibres    vt.   \_\_ m/s
A

0.05

1

0.05

1

4

1

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23
Q

Other parts of the heart are capable of also initiating electrical activity on their own. However the S.A. discharges _____ (due to its ______).

This pre-empts the others thus setting the pace for the heart beat. This is why the S.A. node is called the Cardiac _______.

A

faster

unstable membrane potential

Pacemaker

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24
Q

The specialised conductive tissue of the heart contains more ______ and _____. The boundaries of its fibres are (precise or diffuse?) .

A

glycogen & sarcoplasm

Diffuse

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25
Q

The resting membrane potential in most tissues of the body is about -___mV and is relatively (stable or unstable?) until depolarised.

A

80

Stable

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26
Q

Depolarisation occurs due to an increase in permeability of the membrane to ___ (conductance) allowing a massive influx of ____ ions.

A plateau phase (slow) usually follows due to increase in _____ ion conductance.

•The repolarisation phase which follows is due to the delayed increase in ___ permeability allowing _____ to _____ while ____ is being pumped ___ of the cell.

A

Na+

sodium

calcium

K+

potassium

Re enter

sodium; out

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27
Q

in the heart and especially in the sino-atrial node and the atrioventricular node, the membrane potential is (stable or unstable?).

A

unstable

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28
Q

In SA node

Unlike the other tissues there is a steady ___ease in K+ permeability, ___ease in Ca2+ movement, this leads to a _____ or _______ which continues to rise.

When the potential reaches about -__mV which is the firing level, an action potential is fired.

A

Decr

Incr

pre-potential or pacemaker potential

40

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29
Q

Ventricular and atrial muscle have prepotentials

T/F

A

F

Ventricular and atrial muscle have no prepotentials

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30
Q

The pacemaker potential is thought to be due to a group of channels, referred to as ___ channels .

These channels open at very _____ voltages (i.e. immediately after phase ____ of the previous action potential) and allow the passage of ________ into the cell.

• Due to their unusual property of being activated by very negative membrane potentials, the movement of ions through the HCN channels is referred to as the ______

A

HCN

negative

3

both K+and Na+

funny current

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31
Q

Full meaning of HCN channels

_________________________________ channels

A

Hyperpolarisation-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated

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32
Q

Another theory regarding the pacemaker potential is the ‘_____ _____’.

Here, calcium is released from the ______, within the cell.
This calcium then increases activation of the _____ exchanger resulting in the ___ease in membrane potential (as a __ charge is being brought into the cell (by the ____) but only a __ charge is leaving the cell (by the ___) therefore there is a net charge of __ entering the cell).

A

calcium clock

sarcoplasmic reticulum

sodium-calcium
Incr

+3; 3Na+

+2; Ca2+

+1

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33
Q

Ach or pE stimulation (reduces or increases ?) Prepotl by ___polarisation (______ receptors) due to I ___ permeability (through ___ channels) I ____ HR

A

reduces

hyper

muscarinic

K+; K+

firing

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34
Q

Vagus nerve is _____patheticE

A

paraSym

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35
Q

The “waves” of depolarization and subsequent repolarization that sweep through the myocardium during electrical systole produce minute differences in electrical potential (i.e., voltage) on the surface of the body. These potential differences can be amplified to produce the __________.

A

electrocardiogram

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36
Q

Ohm’s law states that the ______ of a ___ (I) flowing in a ____ equals the ___ in ____(E) across the circuit _____ by the _____ (R) of the circuit: I = E/R

These fundamental concepts of electricity underlie the ECG.
T/F

A

magnitude of a current

circuit

difference

potential

divided

resistance
T

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37
Q

The P wave is produced by ____polarization of the ____.

  • The QRS complex is produced by __polarization of the ___
  • The T wave is produced by ___polarization of the _____.
A

de; atria

de; ventricles

re; ventricles

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38
Q

P wave duration:____ sec.

P-R interval: ___-____ sec.

  • QRS duration:___-___ sec.
  • Q-T interval (corrected for HR):

male =___ sec.
female= ____ sec.

A
  1. 12
  2. 12 - 0.20
  3. 06 - 0.10
  4. 45
  5. 47
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39
Q

blood pressure

  • Physical Definition: _______
  • Force units: ____
  • Area: ____
  • Pressure = ______
A

Force per unit area

dynes

cm2

dyne/cm2

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40
Q

Tire pressures are measured in _____ (force) per _____ (___)

A

pounds

square inch

psi

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41
Q

Force/area =

lbs/____
or
dyne/___

A

in2

cm2

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42
Q

Relating pressure to energy

A

Pressure = Energy/volume

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43
Q

Work = pressure x _____

A

change in volume

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44
Q

blood pressure

  • is the result of ___ that the ____ has ____;
  • it is stored energy, or ____ of blood
  • this energy is used - “dissipated” in overcoming the ____ within blood to ______ around the circulation.
A

work

heart; performed

energy/ml

viscous forces

move blood

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45
Q

The heart also expends energy to accelerate the blood from ___ velocity when inside the ____ during ____ to ____ velocity during ____; this is _____ energy

A

Zero

ventricles

diastole

peak

ejection

Kinetic

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46
Q

The ______ circulation must deliver adequate flow of _____ blood to meet the on-going energy demands of the myocardium!!

A

oxygenated

coronary

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47
Q

mm Hg stands for “_______________ ”

A

millimeters of mercury

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48
Q

The man (the ____) is performing work.

•The pump represents the ______, the source of the blood that the heart pumps.

The blood in the bucket represents a ______, the amount of blood pumped each beat

A

heart

venous circulation

stroke volume

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49
Q

Pressure was first measured in a weird way by the __________ in _____

A

Rev. Stephen Hales

1733

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50
Q

The Rev. Stephen Hales first measure-ment of arterial blood pressure :
•Blood rose in a ___ connected to the _____ of a ____ to __ ft __ inches =——- mm blood

A

tube; carotid artery; horse

9; 6; 2900

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51
Q

Mercury is ____ times more dense than blood (or water).

A

13.6

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52
Q

Rev hales Stephen experiment

The average pressure in mm Hg was therefore

____/____= ____ mm Hg

A

2900

13.6

213

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53
Q

In a patient in congestive heart failure a physician will note the ____ to which his/her ___ are engorged within the neck - a fluid column!

A

height

veins

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54
Q

When are pressures measured in cm H20 rather than mm Hg?

A

when the pressure is relatively low, such as in a vein rather than an artery

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55
Q

How does the height of a fluid column change as one moves away from the pressure source?

A

The height of the fluid column decreases at locations progressively farther from the source.

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56
Q

Blood pressure decreases from its highest value in the _______ to its lowest value in the _____

A

ascending aorta

right atrium.

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57
Q

Blood pressure in the aorta and right atrium:

  • Pressure in the aorta oscillates during each heart beat - peak (____) pressure occurs during ______; the nadir (____) occurs at the end of the ______ phase (diastole).
  • Right atrial pressure is very (High or low?) -
  • This gives the “typical” pressure of ___/___mm Hg.
A

systolic; ejection

diastolic

filling

Low

120/80

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58
Q

Right atrial pressure is 0mmHg

T/F

A

F

almost, but not quite, zero mm Hg; just enough energy remains in the blood entering the heart to fill the ventricle(s) in preparation for the next beat.

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59
Q

Transmural pressure

Trans ( ______ ) mural (___)

•The difference in pressure between the ___ and ____ of the _____ determines their volume, or _____

A

across; wall

inside and outside

ventricles

preload

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60
Q

Why were your veins full of blood when your hand was below your heart?

a. venous pressure > interstitial pressure
b. venous pressure - interstitial pressure > 0
c. pressure difference “across” the wall of the vein > 0
d. pressure acting to distend the vessel wall > pressure compressing the wall
e. All the above are correct

A

E

Bitch!!!!

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61
Q

Preload:
•The volume of blood inside the ventricle(s) immediately prior to the _____ of ____; a major determinant of _____.

•This volume is determined by the pressure ______ minus the pressure ______ (which, by the way, changes with respiration).

A

beginning; systole

stroke volume

inside the ventricle

outside the ventricle

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62
Q

Afterload:

•Roughly speaking, is the ________ pressure

A

arterial blood

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63
Q

Afterload is a major determinant of the ______ the heart must perform (I.e _______ consumption)

A

amount of work

Energy

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64
Q

energy consumption = _____,

the rate of ____ consumption by the _____ which is a critical consideration in people with ________ disease

A

MVO2

oxygen

myocardium (M)

coronary artery

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65
Q

The total hydraulic resistance offered to the flow of blood around the circulation can, however, be calculated using an equation analogous to ___ law

A

Ohm’s

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66
Q

It is possible to insert a catheter or probe into a patient and directly measure the resistance to the flow of blood.
T/F

A

F

It’s not

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67
Q

Computation of total peripheral resistance, TPR

  • PAo =_______ (_____)
  • PRA =________ (almost ___ mm Hg, and often ________ in this computation)
  • CO =_______ (____)
A

mean aortic pressure; mm Hg

right atrial pressure

0; neglected

cardiac output; L/min

68
Q

How do resistors connected in series behave?

The total resistance for resistors connected end-to-end is simply _______,
but there are relatively (few or plenty ?) vascular beds in series (____ circulations).

A

their algebraic sum

Few

portal

69
Q

most circulations in the body are connected in (series or parallel?)

A

Parallel

70
Q

Consequences of parallel arrangement of hydraulic resistances in the circulation

• Arterial pressure can’t be controlled by altering the hydraulic resistance of individual vascular beds
T/F

A

F

It can

71
Q

Consequences of parallel arrangement of hydraulic resistances in the circulation

•flow through individual vascular beds can be markedly increased or decreased without _____ in ________ and, thereby, mean arterial pressure.

A

producing major changes in TPR

72
Q

The cost of hypertension

  • _______ BP forces the heart to work harder -
  • even though stroke volume is ______eased!
  • Hypertension will eventually lead to myocardial ____trophy and, finally, heart ____.
A

Elevated

not incr

hyper

failure

73
Q

Effect of exercise on

Heart rate
Stroke volume
Blood pressure

A

Increased

Increased

Increased

74
Q

Effect of high BP on

Heart rate
Stroke volume
Blood pressure

A

Reduced
Unchanged
Increased

75
Q

Blood is the medium of transportation for the circulatory system
•Two type of blood
•______ blood
•______ blood

  • Two type of circulation in series
  • ______ circulation
  • _______ circulation
A

Oxygenated

Deoxygenated

Systemic

Pulmonary

76
Q

The Heart

Shaped like an _______ _____ _____
– Base is the (smaller or larger?) , (flat or round?) part
– Apex is the (superior or inferior?) end which tapers to a (sharp or blunt?) , (flattened or rounded?) point

A

inverted blunt cone

Larger; flat

Inferior

Blunt

Rounded

77
Q

•Myocardial cells
– Contract to ___ blood out of heart’s ____

• Electrical conduction system cells
– Initiate and carry ____ throughout heart

A

propel; chambers

impulses

78
Q

Cardiac muscle is

_____ shaped and ____ing at their ends

–______ and ___ junctions allow rapid movement of electrical impulses from one cell to another
–________ hold cells together when heart muscle contracts.

A

Cylindrical; branch

Intercalated disks; gap

Desmosomes

79
Q 
Myocytes
– Enclosed in \_\_\_\_\_
– Composed of two protein filaments
•\_\_\_\_ 
• \_\_\_\_\_
A

sarcolemma

Actin

Myosin

80
Q

Actin

Myosin

Which is thin, which is thick

A

Actin is thin

Myosin is thick

81
Q

Physiological Properties of Myocardial Cells
•Automaticity / Rhythmicity
– Can _______ without _____
• Excitability
– Ability to respond to _____
• Conductivity
– Ability to _____ an electrical stimulus from cell to cell throughout myocardium
• Contractility
– Ability of myocardial cell to _____ when stimulated by an electrical impulse

A

produce electrical activity; outside nerve stimulation

an electrical stimulus

transmit

contract

82
Q

Polarized State

•Inside of myocardial cells more ___ly charged in relationship to outside where it is more _____ly charged

A

negative

positive

83
Q

Depolarization
•Occurs when ____ly charged
ions move inside cells causing
interior to become ___ly charged

•electrical charge over time referred to as cell’s _____

A

positive

positive

action potential

84
Q

Repolarization
Follows ______ and
occurs when:
– Potassium ____ cell causing positive charge to (lower or increase?)

–_____ and _____ are removed by special
transport systems

A

depolarization

leaves

Lower

Sodium and calcium

85
Q

In summary

Refractory Periods

Absolute refractory period
–_____________________
• Refractory period
– A ________________

A

No stimulus no matter how strong will depolarize cell

sufficiently strong stimulus will depolarize myocardium

86
Q

Cardiac Cycle = ____ sec

•Systole (___sec)
– ____tion of atria and ventricles

  • Diastole (___ sec)
  • _____tion of atria and ventricles
A
  1. 8
  2. 3; Contrac
  3. 5; Relaxa
87
Q

List the steps in cardiac cycle

Hint: 8 steps

A
  • Atrial systole
  • Isometric Contraction
  • Maximum Ejection
  • Reduced Ejection
  • Protodiastolic
  • Isometric relaxation
  • Maximum filling
  • Reduced filling
88
Q 
Atrial systole –\_\_\_ sec
•Isometric Contraction –\_\_\_ sec
•Maximum Ejection –\_\_\_ sec
•Reduced Ejection –\_\_ sec
•Protodiastolic – \_\_sec
•Isometric relaxation –\_\_\_ sec
•Maximum filling –\_\_ sec
•Reduced filling –\_\_ sec
A
  1. 1
  2. 05
  3. 15
  4. 1
  5. 04
  6. 06
  7. 1
  8. 2
89
Q

Heart sounds and murmurs

•Out of the __ heart sounds only __ are audible

A

4

2

90
Q

1st heart sound – heard as ___.
• (high or Low?) intensity, (short or long?) duration.
•Occurs at the ___ of _____

A

lub; low ; long

beginning of systole

91
Q

2nd heart sound – Heard as ___.
• (high or Low?) intensity, (short or long?) duration.
•occurs at the ____ of _____

A

dub

High; short

beginning of diastole

92
Q

The duration between 1st and 2nd heart sound is the ____ period and between the 2nd and the 1st is the ____ period

A

systolic

diastolic

93
Q

Heart murmurs – Abnormal heart sounds
•Systolic murmurs
•Diastolic murmurs

  • Causes
  • Valvular ______ or ____
  • _______ of the vessels
A

incompetence or insufficiency

stenosis

94
Q

Cardiac Output

____ of blood pumped from the heart in _____

Expressed in ____

A

Amount

one minute

LPM

95
Q

Heart Rate (HR) – number of ____ per _____ = ___

A

heart beats; minutes

72

96
Q

Stroke volume (SV) – ____ of blood pumped out of each ventricle per ___ =___

A

amount; beat

70ml

97
Q

SV =_______ - ______

A

End Diastolic Volume (EDV) – End Systolic Volume (ESV)

98
Q

EDV is the amount of blood in the ventricle at the __________. It is determined by _______

A

end of diastole

Venous return (VR).

99
Q

VR is the amount of blood _______ per ____. VR is controlled by several other factors.

A

returning to the right heart

minute

100
Q

ESV is the amount of blood __________ at the ______.

It is determined by the ___ of contraction of the ______.

A

remaining in the ventricle

peak of systole

force

Cardiac muscle fibers

101
Q

Relationship between C.O and body size =

Cardiac Index (C.I) about ___m2/min

A

3.2

102
Q

Effect on the following on CO

Exercise
Anxiety
deep thinking
Heart diseases
Eating 
during pregnancy
sitting or standing up from lying position
sympathetic stimulation
Sleep
A

Increase

Increase
Unchanged
Decrease

Increase

Increase

Decrease

Increases
Unchanged

103
Q

FICK’s LAW
-amount of substance ______ by ______ is equal to the ___ of ______ and _____ of that substance

For oxygen (CO=___/_____)

A

taken or release

peripheral tissues

product

cardiac output and arterial-venous difference

VO2

Ca-Cv

104
Q

Indicator dilution methods

Cardiac output measurement by indicator dilution method is an ____ technique that measures the amount of blood ____ by the ____ every ____ for ______ in the whole body.

The method involves injecting an ____, which may be a ___,_____, or _____ into the ___ blood, and its concentration is measured continuously in the ____ blood as it passes through the circulatory system.

A

invasive

ejected

heart; minute

peripheral circulation

indicator; dye ; thermal ; saline solution; venous

arterial

105
Q

To control C.O, the 2 determinants i.e._____ and ____ should be controlled.

  • 2 mechanisms are involved in controlling these 2 determinants
  • ____
  • ______
A

H.R and S.V

Extrinsic

Intrinsic

106
Q

Control of CO

HR- only by _____ methods: _____ and ______

SV- extrinsic by ______; intrinsic by ______

A

extrinsic; sympathetic and parasympathetic

sympathetic; frank sterling’s law

107
Q

frank sterling’s law

which states that under ___ conditions, the ____ of the _____ is ___ proportional to the _____

A

normal

length

cardiac muscle

directly

force of contraction

108
Q

Control of CO

Venous return

  • ___ease pressure gradient increases VR
  • ___ease blood volume increased VR
  • (high or low?) intrathoracic pressure increases VR
  • _________________ in the veins to ensure blood returns to heart
A

Incr
Incr
Low

unidirectional valves

109
Q

Basically , (high or Low?) pressure gradient leads to increase in venous return that leads to ___eased ventricular filling ((high or low ?) EDV) which would increase the ___ of the cardiac muscles thereby increasing the ______ leading to more blood being pumped out ((high or low?) ESV), leading to (high or low?) stroke volume equaling (high or low?) cardiac output

A

High

Incr

High

length

force of contraction

Low

High
High

110
Q

Control of CO

Preload :
-___ease this, force increases,SV and CO increases

After Load – the pressure the heart will ____ to ____ into the ____ circulation

A

Incr

overcome; pump; systemic

111
Q

Blood pressure

-BP= ____ x _____

A

CO x TPR

112
Q

Blood flow =______/_____

A

pressure/resistance

113
Q

black people have (higher or lower?) BP than white

-urban people have (higher or lower?) BP than rural

A

Higher

Higher

114
Q

men have (more or less?) BP than women till women reach _____, then its ____ or _______

A

More

menopause

equal

they might even have more

115
Q

Blood Flow is determined by ______ and _____

A

Resistance and viscosity

116
Q

An increase in resistance without change in pressure could lead to ____ flow.

A

zero

117
Q

Relationship between resistance and radius

A

R = 1/r4

118
Q

S.P = ____mmHg
D.P = ___mmHg

A

120

80

119
Q

Pulse pressure =______?

A

PP =SP – DP

120
Q

Mean arterial bloood pressure = ????

A

MABP = D.P + 1/3 PP

121
Q

Measurement of ABP – _________ with an inflatable cuff

  • ______ method
  • _______method
A

Sphygmomanometer

Palpatory

Auscultatory

122
Q

NERVOUS CONTROL

-there are ___receptors in the aortic arch and carotid ___

A

Baro ; sinus

123
Q

integrated center is the cardiac center located at the __________ made up of 2 parts
-______ area(lateral) and ______ area(medial)

A

floor of the medulla

pressor

depressor

124
Q

when the BP is too low, the activity of the baroreceptors gets _____ and the AFFERENTS (____ and ____) sends impulse to the _______ , specifically to the ___ area which is made up of 2 parts,
-the _______center ((ontop or below?)) to increase ____ and _____ area to increase the ___

-after decision has been made, it sends information to the heart through ____ nerves for heart rate increase and ___ nerves to increase vasoconstriction

A

reduced

vagusX and CN 9

floor of the medulla; pressor

cardiac accelerating ; ontop; heart rate

vasoconstriction; TPR

cardiac; sympathetic

125
Q

CAPILLARY FLUID SHIFT MECHANISM

-increase in blood pressure leads to (more or less?) fluid being filtered away from the _____ into the ____. Therefore , blood volume ____ and so blood pressure itself ____

A

More

capillaries

ISF

reduces

reduces

126
Q

RENAL REGULATION

-there are specialized group of cells in the kidneys called _____

A

juxtaglumerular apparatus

127
Q

JG apparatus (located where the ____ part of the nephron comes in contact with the ______ of that nephron) made of ___ cells

A

tubular

originating glomerular

3

128
Q

JG apparatus
juxtaglumerular cells

___receptors

are densely located at the _____ of the nephron, sparsely located on the _____
secretes proteolytic ____

A

Baro

afferent arterioles

efferent arterioles

renin

129
Q

Macular densa

found at the junction of _______ touch _______

-they are ___receptors(sensitive to changes in _____,specifically _____ conc)

A

ascending limb of loop of Henle

distal convoluted tubule

osmo; electrolytes; sodium ion

130
Q

Macular densa

they are in bulk

T/F

A

T

131
Q

lacis cells

  • ______ cells
  • they connect _____ to _____
  • they are secretory and produce ______
A

messenger

jg cells to macula

prostaglandins

132
Q

when blood pressure ___eases, renin secretion from kidneys is increases

A

Decr

133
Q

renin acts on _____ (from ____)to give ______

A

angiotensinogen; liver

angiotensin 1

134
Q

angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) (found in abundance in the ____) acts on ______ to give ______

A

lungs

angiotensin 1

angiotensin 2

135
Q

angiotensin 2 does 3 things

(1) it initiates Vaso_____ of the blood vessels to ___ease peripheral resistance and ___ease bloood pressure.
(2) it also constricts ______ of the kidney to reduce its level of filtration (glomerular filtration) so that more water and volume can be retained in the blood to increase blood volume and CO
(3) also by stimulating the kidney cortex to produce _______ which makes the kidneys reabsorb sodium.
(4) also it’s a potent stimulus for the _____ nucleus in the hypothalamus to produce an hormone know as ___ that helps to reabsorb water
(5) stimulates the ______ organ in the hypothalamus which is location for thirsting . You feel thirsty, you take more water. More water you take, more water would be reabsorbed in intestine =increase in blood volume

A

constriction

incr; incr

afferent arterioles

aldosterone

Supra optic ; ADH

sub fornical

136
Q

Most potent Vasoconstrictor in the body is ???

A

Angiotensin 2

137
Q

People who have tetany have locked jaws

T/F

A

T

138
Q

Fibrillation/defibrillator

Delivers ___ to the heart to ____ it or give it the right rhythm

A

electricity

restart

139
Q

TPR,CO,Pao

Relate it

A

TPR=Pao/CO

140
Q

Measuring arterial BP by cuff and stethoscope

PALPATORY METHOD

  • put the cuff
  • keep ____easing the pressure by squeezing the ball till you can’t feel the ____ pluse again
  • then add extra __mmHg
  • then start reducing the pressure back
  • the point you feel the radial pulse again
  • that’s the _____ pressure
A

Incr

radial

20

systolic

141
Q

Palpatory method can be used to measure systolic and diastolic pressure

T/F

A

F

Only systolic

142
Q

AUSCULTORY PRESSURE

  • repeat the palpatory method but use the stethoscope to listen for when the pulse is back from the ____
  • but it comes in sounds, like 5
  • when you can’t hear any sound again, that’s the ______ pressure
A

cubital fossa

diastolic

143
Q

mean arterial pressure is ____ of ___ pressure+ _______

A

1/3

pulse

diastole

144
Q

korotkoff sounds are heart sounds when the cuff changes the flow of blood In the artery;heard by the ____

A

stethoscope

145
Q

List the 4 korotkoff sounds

______
____
_______
———

A

Tap
Mumur
Gong
Muffled

146
Q

lub sound

___ heart sound
_______ phase
sound from ______ of ______

dub sound
_____ heart sound
_______ phase
sound from _____ of _____

A

first

isometric contraction

closure of atrioventricular valves

second

prodiastole

closure of aortic and pulmonary valves

147
Q

wiggers diagram shows pressure and volume ______

pressure-volume loop shows them ______

A

separately

together

148
Q

COMPLIANCE

-. CHANGE IN ______
CHANGE IN _______

A

VOLUME

PRESSURE

149
Q

DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION

  • if the myocardium becomes more stiff ((more or less?) compliant) , filling becomes compromised ;small pressure starts corresponding to (small or large?) volume
  • the heart becomes less compliant due to myocardial ____trophy
  • _____
  • deposition of ______ elements
A

Less

Large

hyper

ageing

less elastic

150
Q

pulmonary arterial pressure is _____ mmHg

A

22/11

151
Q

Systemic vascular resistance exceeds pulmonary’s own

T/F

A

T

152
Q

less energy is required to move an equal vol of blood through the systemic as compared to pulmonary circulations!

T/F

A

F

153
Q

Venous pressure

  • Pressure in __________ is central venous pressure
  • pressure in ______ are pheripheral venous pressure
A

vena cavae and right atrium

peripheral veins

154
Q

venous pressure is (more or less?) in parts of the body above the heart

A

Less

155
Q

pressure is (greater or lesser?) in peripheral veins than central vein

A

Greater

156
Q

Physiological Factors that affect venous pressure

____eases when you tilt the body

____eases when you go from standing to supine

____eases during forced expiration (valsalva manuever)

___eases during excitement

____eases due to gravity from standing for a long time

A

Incr

Incr

Incr

Incr

Incr

157
Q

Effect of these on VR

High cardiac output 
venous obstruction
congestive heart failure 
failure of valves in veins
renal failure 
severe haemorrhage
Surgical shock
-paralysis of muscle
A 
Decreases
Increases 
Increases 
Increases 
Increases
Decreases
Decreases
Increases
158
Q

volume of venous blood is ____ proportional to venous return

peripheral resistance is ____ proportional to venous return

A

directly

inversely

159
Q

EFFECTS OF RESPIRATION ON VENOUS PRESSURE

(1) Vasalvar maneuver: 
forced \_\_\_\_\_
\_\_tive intrathoracic pressure
\_\_\_\_ of \_\_\_\_ vein of \_\_\_\_
\_\_\_eased central pressure
\_\_\_eased peripheral pressure
\_\_\_eased venous return to right atrium
A

expiration

posi

compression of central ; thorax

Decr

Incr

Decr

160
Q

EFFECTS OF RESPIRATION ON VENOUS PRESSURE

Mueller maneuver: 
forced \_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_tive intrathoracic pressure
\_\_\_eases central pressure
\_\_\_eased peripheral pressure
\_\_\_\_eased venous return to right atrium
A

inspiration

nega

Incr

Decr

Incr

161
Q

Fibrillation can occur if heart is ____ during ___ refractory period

A

contracted

relative

162
Q

FIBRILLATION

_______ heart beats

A

Irregular

163
Q

Atrial fibrillation: can be caused by (high or low?) BP,heart attack, e.t.c. It can lead to stroke, heart failure, etc. can be corrected by getting your heart resetted to its regular rythm

-ventricular fibrillation: ventricles of the heart ___ instead of ___ due to disorganized electrical activity .
________________ still remains the best way to fix it

A

High

quiver

pump

External electrical defiribillation

164
Q

Arterial pressure

Physiological variation

  • ___eases as you age
  • (more or less?) in obese person
  • (more or less ?) in the afternoon than morning and evening
  • (increased or reduced?) during sleep
  • (up or down?) after meals
  • (up or down?) during excitement and anxiety
A

Incr
More
More

Reduced

Up
Up

165
Q

SBP is _____ proportional to exercise

DBP is ______ proportional to exercise

A

directly

inversely

Phg 201 (8 decks)

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