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Phg 201 > Cvs 2 > Flashcards

Cvs 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Amount of blood received by each organ is a function of its ____

A

activity

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2
Q

___% of cardiac output goes to the kidney every minutes

The kidney is about ___g

A

25

150

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3
Q

The brain weighs about ___kg and receives ___liters per minute

A
  1. 6

0. 75

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4
Q

Blood flow in turn is regulated by the individual organ’s _______

A

vascular resistance

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5
Q

Organ vascular resistance in turn is regulated by

  • Extrinsic factors (_______)
  • Intrinsic Factors (_____ mechanisms)
A

Neurohumoral

Local regulation

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6
Q

Local regulation of blood flow

Tissue factors – act on _____ to alter ____ by either _____ or ______

A

blood vessel

resistance

relaxation or contraction.

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7
Q

Vasodilators or vasoconstrictors

  • Adenosine
  • Inorganic phosphate
  • Carbon dioxide
  • endothelin
  • Hydrogen ion
  • Potassium ion
  • increased Oxygen levels
  • EDHF
  • prostacyclin
  • nitric oxide
A

Dilators

Dilators

Dilators

Constrictors

Dilators

Dilators

Constrictor

Dilators

Dilators

Dilators

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8
Q

Smooth Muscle ( ____ ) mechanisms

  • Originate within the __________
  • An increase in intraluminal pressure leads to _____ to counter the effect of pressure increase and vice versa
  • vascular smooth muscle ____zes when stretched
A

myogenic

vascular smooth muscles (VSM)

contraction

depolari

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9
Q

Myogenic mechanisms

•Usually overridden by _____ mechanisms

A

metabolic

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10
Q

Extravascular Compression
•______ compressive forces alters _______ and consequently blood flow in organs.
•Extravascular pressure decreases the ______ pressure
•Could be both physiological or pathological
•Important in several vascular beds, e.g coronary, skeletal, pulmonary, cerebral and renal circulation.

A

Mechanical

vascular resistance

transmural

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11
Q

Autoregulation of Blood Flow
•The intrinsic ability of an organ to _____________ despite _______

•F = (____)/ __

A

maintain a constant blood flow

changes in perfusion pressure.

Pa - Pv; R

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12
Q

The flatter the plateau of autoregulatory curve the (higher or lower?) the autoregulation in such vascular bed.

A

Higher

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13
Q

_____,_____, and _____?circulations show a higher degree of autoregulation

______ and ______only show a moderate level of autoregulation

A

Coronary, cerebral and renal

Skeletal and gastrointestinal

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14
Q

Hyperemia – increase in _____ above normal level.

A

blood flow

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15
Q

Reactive HYPEREMIA–

  • (rapid or Transient?) ___ease in organ blood flow following a brief period of _____, usually due to temporary arterial occlusion
  • Lasts for ______
  • Due to ____ and build up of _____
  • Hyperemia consequently restores ___ level and _____ the metabolites
A

Transient

Incre

ischemia

several minutes

hypoxia

vasoactive metabolites

oxygen; washes out

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16
Q

Peak hyperemia is a function of the _______ of the organ

A

basal metabolic activities

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17
Q

Increased metabolic activity ___eases vascular resistance due to vaso______

A

Decr

dilation

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18
Q

Occurs during muscular exercise – _____ hyperemia
•___eased cardiac activity
•___eased mental activity
•___eased GIT activity

A

exercise or functional

Incr

Incr

Incr

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19
Q

Vascular tone reserve is very important in active hyperemia.

T/F

A

T

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20
Q

Coronary Circulation

The left coronary main artery is relatively (short or long?) in length.

•Divides into the ______ artery and ____ artery immediately after coursing behind the ____

A

Short

left anterior descending

circumflex

pulmonary trunk.

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21
Q

Branches of the left coronary artery supply blood primarily to the _____ and ____

A

left ventricle and atrium

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22
Q

Coronary circulation

Blood flow decreases during systole and increases during diastole
T/F

A

T

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23
Q

Coronary circulation exhibits (high or low ?) autoregulatory mechanisms.

A

High

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24
Q

in diseased states coronary circulation’s autoregulation is lost.

T/F

A

T

25
Q

Mean coronary blood flow ranges from ___ml/min/100g of tissue at rest to over ___ml/min/100g tissue during exercise.

A

80

400

26
Q

Coronary vasculature has a relatively high or low ?) vasodilatory reserve capacity

A

High

27
Q

Coronary blood flow is primarily regulated by changes in _____.

A

metabolism

28
Q

In coronary circulation, which wins?

Autonomic regulation or metabolic regulation

A

Metabolic regulation supersedes autonomic regulation.

29
Q

Cerebral Circulation
•The brain is an highly oxidative organ, it consumes about ___% of resting total body oxygen consumption
•Although it represents about __% of the total body weight it receives about __% of the CO.

A

20

2

15

14

30
Q

Measurement of CBF(cerebral blood flow)
•____ methods

  • ______ is usually the substance of choice
  • CBF = ___ml/min/100g. However, brain weighs about ____g
  • Therefore CBF = ___ml/min
A

Ketty’s

Nitrous oxide

54

1600

750

31
Q

Most important regulation in the cerebral circulation is ______?

A

Auto-regulation

32
Q

Mechanism involved in Cardiovascular Response to Exercise

•Mechanical
Anticipatory __________ control
________ and _______ pumps

•Metabolic
___________ in active exercising muscles

•Autonomic
Central command and local muscle _____ and ______

•Humoral
______ response enhanced by _____ activities

•Alteration in arterial baroreceptor
_____ to prevent reflex ______

A

Central command

Abdominothoracic and muscloskeletal

Local vasodilation

mechano - and chemorecetors

Delayed; sympathetic
Reset ; bradycardia

33
Q

CVS DURING EXERCISE

INCREASE IN CARDIAC OUTPUT

  • ____ease heart rate by ___eased sympa and (reduced or increased?) para
  • ___ease stroke volume by ___eased CVP and inotropy and lusitropy
A

Incr

Incr

Reduced

Incr; incr

34
Q

Inotropy

______ of _____

Lusitropy

Is the rate of ________

A

Force of muscular contraction

Myocardial relaxation

35
Q

CVS DURING EXERCISE

____ease in mean arterial pressure

____ease in pulse pressure

A

Incr

Incr

36
Q

CVS DURING EXERCISE

INCREASE IN MAP AND PP

  • ___ Increases more than ____ decreases
  • stroke volume ____eases ___ pressure
A

CO; SVR

Incr; pulse

37
Q

CVS DURING EXERCISE

___ease in CVP

____ease in SVR

A

Incr

Decr

38
Q

CVS DURING EXERCISE

INCREASE IN CVP
-(sympathetic or parasympathetic?) ; muscular pump

DECREASE IN SVR

  • metabolic vaso____ in active muscles and heart
  • cutaneous vaso____ (sympa)
  • vaso_____ in splanchnic(non active muscle) and renal (sympa)
A

sympathetic

dilation; dilation

constriction

39
Q

During exercise despite increased HR, SV is maintained or even increased by:

____eased venous return
By _________ and ____ pumps
Venous (constriction or dilation?)
___eased atrial inotropy
___eased ventricular inotropy
(Enhanced or depressed ?) ventricular lusitropy

A

Incr

abdominothoracic and muscle

Constriction

Incr

Incr

Enhanced

40
Q

During exercise despite increased HR, SV is maintained or even increased by:

Concomitant (increase or reduction?) in sympathetic adrenergic
___eased sympathetic cholinergic stimulation of the cutaneous vessels influenced by ________ centers in hypothalamus

A

Reduction

Incr

thermoregulatory

41
Q

However, the point at which increased HR begins to decrease SV varies considerably in individual according to:
Age
Health status
Physical conditioningRE
T/F

A

T

42
Q

The limiting point in exercise is when increase in _______ ————— _______

A

HR decreases SV.

43
Q

CVS DURING PREGNANCY

Pregnancy causes significant changes in cardiovascular system as increased uterine mass and the developing fetus required ____eased blood flow.

To supply this flow:
CO increases by ____% - __% in the _______ trimester and ____ at _____ trimester

A

Incr

30; 50

1st and 2nd

plateau; 3rd

44
Q

Increased CO in the first half of pregnancy is due to an increase in ___ consequent of increased ________ about ___% increase by end of 3rd trimester

Mainly due to effect of ______ on RAS

A

SV

blood volume

50

estrogen

45
Q

By 3rd trimester , increased CO is due to increased ___; ____ beats/min

Despite increased CO, ABP generally (rises or falls?) due to disproportionate fall in ___

Caused partly by ______ changes (constricting or dilating?) blood vessels

Mainly by development of (high or low?)-resistance uterine circulation

A

HR

10-20

falls; SVR

hormonal

Dilating

Low

46
Q

In pregnancy, which falls more , SP or DP

With reason

A

DP falls more than SP because of fall in SVR.

47
Q

In pregnancy

There is ___eased Pulse Pressure

A

Incr

48
Q

Pregnancy alters CV response to exercise due to:

(Elevated or depressed?) CO at rest
_________ of IVC
_________ syndrome

A

Elevated

Compression

Supine hypotensive

49
Q

HYPOTENSION AND HAEMORRHAGE

  • when systolic blood pressure is less than ___mmHg and diastolic blood pressure is less than ___mmHg
  • caused by ______,______, or ______
A

90; 60

circulatory shock, haemorrhage, dehydration

50
Q

Hypovolemic hypotension due to hemorrhage or dehydration can be treated by

____easing blood volume via blood of fluid transfusion
Occasionally accompanied by administration of (pressor or depressor?) agents e.g ___-adrenoceptor agonists

A

Incr

Pressor

alpha

51
Q

Hypotension caused by cardiogenic shock Can be treated by

use of drugs that _____ the heart –___- adrenoceptor agonist e.g _____ or
____-dependent __ inhibitor e.g_____

A

stimulate

beta

dobutamine

cAMP; phosphodiesterase; milrinone

52
Q

Hypotension caused by septic shock can be treated with

_____ agents in combination with ____ and ____

A

pressor

fluid and antibiotics

53
Q

KIDNEYS

  • ____% of body weight
  • ___% of CO at rest
  • blood flow at rest is ___ml/min/100g
  • max flow is ___ml/min/100g
  • weak __; moderate __; strong __

BRAIN

  • __% of body weight
  • __% of CO at rest
  • min is __
  • max is ____
  • weak __; strong __; strong __
A

0.5; 20; 400; 600

M; S; A

2; 14: 55; 150

S;A;M

54
Q

HEART

  • __% of body weight
  • __% of CO
  • min is ___
  • max is ___
  • weak __ that is overridden by __ ; strong __; strong __
A

0.5

5

80

400

SM; A; M

55
Q

SKELETAL MUSCLE

  • __% of body weight
  • __% of CO
  • min is __
  • max is __
  • moderate __; moderate __; strong __;
A

40

18

3

60

S ; A; M

56
Q

SKIN

  • __% of body weight
  • __% of CO
  • min is __
  • max is ___
  • weak __; weak __; strong __
A

3

4

10

150

A; M; S

57
Q

SPLANCHNIC

  • __% body weight
  • __% of CO
  • min is ___
  • max is ___
  • moderate __; moderate __; strong __
A

6

23

23
250

A; M ; S

58
Q

Lithium oxide is used to????

A

Measure cardiac output

Phg 201 (8 decks)

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