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Phg 201 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is a connective tissue.

T/F

A

T

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2
Q

Blood is composed of the cellular elements which are ___,____,____ all suspended in the fluid portion called the ______.

A

wbc, rbc & platelets

plasma

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3
Q

Total volume of circulating blood in a man is about ___litters in male and _____ Litters in female

A
  1. 6

4. 5-6

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4
Q

Blood is About _____% by weight in a 70kg man.

Plasma volume is about ___% accounting for __L

The formed element accounts for between -% of the total blood volume

A

7-8

55

3

43-45

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5
Q

Charactersistic of Blood

  1. ______ color for oxygenated
  2. _____ color for deoxygenated
  3. pH range from ___ to ____ (______)
  4. typical volume in adult male - L
  5. typical volume in adult female __L
  6. About __% of body weight
A

bright red

dark red/purplish

7.35 to 7.45 ; slightly alkaline

5-6

4-5

8

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6
Q

Which is more dense, water or blood

A

Blood is much more dense than pure water

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7
Q

Temperature of the blood

A

slightly warmer than body temperature 100.4 F

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8
Q

Production of blood cell

➢ In fetus- Blood cells are formed in _____ and later in the ____ and ____

➢In infants-Blood cells are produced in _____ of ___ bones

➢Adults – Blood cells are formed in _____ of the ___ bones i.e _____ and _____

A

yolk sac; liver and spleen

Bone marrow; all

Bone marrow; long

upper humerus and femur

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9
Q

The active marrow responsible for blood cells production is known as ____ marrow while the inactive one is called _____ marrow

A

red

yelow

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10
Q

The population of committed stem cells in the marrow showed that ___% are white blood cells and ___% are red blood cells

A

75

25

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11
Q

Stages in Red blood cells production (Erythropoiesis)

  1. ____ cell stage
  2. _________ cells stage
  3. _______ cells stage
  4. ________ cells stage
  5. ______ stage
  6. _____ stage.
  7. _________ stage
A

Stem

Burst- FUE

CFU-E

Proerythroblast

Erythroblast

Reticulocyte

Mature red blood cells stage

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12
Q

Stem cell stage of erythropoiesis : These are ________ cells

Burst- FUE cells stage of erythropoiesis(_________ cells)

CFU-E cells stage (________ cells).

A

uncommitted stem

Burst-forming unit-erythroid

Colony-forming unit-erythroid

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13
Q

______ and ____ are the EPO (erythropoietin) dependent stage of erythropoiesis

_______ is the EPO& iron dependent stage.

_______ is the Iron dependent stage.

A

Burst- FUE cells stage

CFU-E cells stage

Proerythroblast cells stage.

Erythroblast stage

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14
Q

The stage ________ is where testosterone stimulates rbc production

A

between 3-4

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15
Q

Erythroblast stage of erythropoiesis is divided into;

(i) . Early Eryryhtroblast stage:- Phase-1, It involves _______
(ii) . Late erythroblast stage:- Phase-2, Involves __________.
(iii) . Normoblast stage:- Phase 3, The stage of _______ of the _____

A

ribosome synthesis.

accumulation of haemoglobin

ejection of the nucleus.

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16
Q

The whole process of erythropoiesis requires an average of ____ days ( ____ weeks) for the rbc maturation.

Stage 1 to stage __ takes about _____ days. Stage __ to stage _ takes about _____ days
Stage _ to stage __ takes about ___ days.

The whole process takes place in the ______

A

26

3

3; 10-14

3 to 5;5-7

6 to 7; 1 -2

peripheral bone marrow.

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17
Q

➢ Erythrocyte are also known as ________

A

red blood cells

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18
Q

Matured rbc is (nucleated or non nucleated?) &has a ____ shape

A

non nucleated

biconcave

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19
Q

Rbc has a diameter of ___micrometer, edge thickness of ___ &center thickness of ___ micrometer

A
  1. 5
  2. 5
  3. 5
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20
Q

Rbc

There are about ___ million /mm3 of blood with variation between the two sexes
➢Male _____ &Female ______ million cells/mm3 of blood

A

5

  1. 5-6
  2. 3-4.5
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21
Q

Gonadal hormone testosterone in male is a rbc differenciation inducer

T/F

A

T

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22
Q

The shape of the rbc provides maximum surface area for the (small or large?) volume of the cell and (small or large?) diffusion surface for passage of gases

A

Small

Large

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23
Q

__________ dehydrogenase is present on the membrane of rbc and helps to utilize _____,____, and ___

A

Glucose-6phosphate

glucoce,O2 and ATP.

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24
Q

Life span of rbc is ___ days

A

120

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25
Q

The rbc count is (higher or lower?) in new born (__ mmillion/mm3) than in an adult

A

Higher

6

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26
Q

Rbc production is stimulated by hypoxia with the release of _____ __% from kidney & ___% from liver

A

erythropoietin

85

15

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27
Q

ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO)

Contains ___ aa residues & ______ chains.

Half life is about ____

Production stimulated by _____, but can also be stimulated by _____ and ____

___% from kidney, ___% from liver

Principal site of inactivation is _____

A

165; 4oligosaccharide

5 hours

hypoxia

cobalt salt and androgens

85; 15

liver

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28
Q

Chronic renal disease will adversely affect EPO’s production
T/F

A

T

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29
Q

RED CELL FRAGILITY

The rbc is existing in an isotonic environment (Plasma) which is determined by the Electorlyte concentration

Changes in the concentration will affect the stability and volume of the rbc.

At ___% saline which is isotonic with plasma no lysis is noticed in rbc

At ___% saline lysis begins

At ____% - ___ % saline lysis is 50%

At _____% saline lysis is 100%

A
  1. 9
  2. 5
  3. 4; 0.42
  4. 35
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30
Q

Male
Female

Hematocrit (PCV)
\_\_%
\_\_%
Hemoglobin concentration (g/dl)
\_\_
\_\_
Red blood cell count(106/µl)
\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_
MCV(hctx10/rbc(106/µl)
\_\_\_
\_\_\_
MCH(pg) (Hbx10/rbc((106/µl)
\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_
MCHC (Hbx100/Hct)
\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_
A

47; 42

16;14

5.4 ; 4.8

87; 87

29; 29

34 ; 34

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31
Q

PACKED CELL VOLUME (PCV)

If one takes a sample of blood, treats it with an agent to prevent clotting, and spins it in a centrifuge, the ____ cells settle to the bottom the ____ cells settle on top of them forming the “______ “.

The fraction occupied by the red cells is called the ________ .
Normally it is approximately ___%. (47% in male,42% in female). Values much lower than this are sign of _____.

A

red

white

Buffy coat

hematocrit

45

anemia

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32
Q

Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate

This is the _______ of ____ without _______.

A

rate of settlement of rbc

being centrifuged

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33
Q

Normal values of Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate are

●i.New born = __mm/hr ii.Adult male = ___mm/hr (___)
iii. Adult female = ___mm/hr (___)

A

2

3-7; 5.7

3-15;9.5

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34
Q

The stacking of rbc on one anoda is termed _____ formation

A

Rouleux

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35
Q

Nicotine is a vaso____

carbonmonoxide _____ Hb binding site for oxygen.

A

constrictor

blocks

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36
Q

Cigarette smoke contains only nicotine but not CO.

T/F

A

F

Contains both

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37
Q

molecular weight of EPO is _____

A

35kdalton

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38
Q

EPO isAlso Produced other areas such as _____ in brain

A

astrocytes

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39
Q

Erythropoietin stimulates rbc production from bone within _____

A

2days

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40
Q

Iron

Absorb from ___ part of _____ by active transport . It’s absorption is 3x more rapid if in ____ state(___),than in the ____ state (____)

D amount needed daily =____mg in adult & __mg in menstruating female

A

1st

small intestine

ferrous; Fe2+

ferric; Fe3+.

0.5; 2

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41
Q

______ forms the core element of heme porphyrin structure.

A

Iron

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42
Q

Iron is released when rbc are broken down, transported by _____ (_____) to the liver

A

transferrin; β-globulin

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43
Q

The Liver stores about ___% of the body iron as _____

A

60 ; Apoferritin

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44
Q

Iron is distributed in the body as follows; Hemoglobin (____%), Myoglobin (__%), Ferritin (____%),trasferin (___%)

A

65

4

15-30

0.1

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45
Q

Vitamin B12
➢Important for conversion of ______ to _____ an important component of DNA.
➢Absorbtion occur at the ______ and this is enhanced by _____ from _____ cell
➢Amount needed to maintain normal rbc production is about ___
➢Deficiency leads to ______ anemia

A

ribose nucleotide to deoxyribonucleotide

terminal illeum; intrinsic factor; parietal

1ηg

Pernicious

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46
Q

pernicious anaemia is failure of ________ and division of rbc

A

nuclear maturation

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47
Q

HEMOGLOBIN

➢ Its a _____ shape molecule.
➢ A protein with molecular weight of _____.
➢ Has 2 parts- ____ portion and ___ part

A

globular

64,450

Heme

globin

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48
Q

Hemoglobin

Heme part is attached to _________ chain which constitute the globin portion of the hemoglobin
➢ Thus, there are ___ heme residue in each hemoglobin
➢ The heme has an iron central dormain
➢A fully saturated hemoglobin can carry ____ molcules of O2
➢ Hemoglobin concentration is about __g/dl in female and ___g/dl in male

A

4 polypeptide

4

4

14

16

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49
Q

Diagnostic Blood Tests
a. ____ - low hematocrit (below 35%)
b _____ - high in fat; yellowish plasma
c. ______ – high blood glucose level
d. ____ - generally higher WBC count
e. _____ - significantly higher WBC count

A

anemia

lipidemia

diabetes

infection

leukemia

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50
Q

differential WBC count - is finding out the _____ of _______

prothrombin time - time for ____ to occur

A

counts %

each of the different leukocytes

clotting

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51
Q

SYNTHESIS OF HEMOGLOBIN

It begins in the _____ & continue through the ____ stage .

●Synthensis of heme part begins with simple materials such as _____ and ______ to form a _____ structure called _____

A

erythroblast ; normoblast

Succinyl- coA and glycine

Ring ; pyrole

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52
Q

____ pyrole are combined into a ____ into which ____ is added to form heme

A

Four

porphrin

iron

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53
Q

Isomerase is an enzyme that facilitate the reaction of ___ synthesis deficiency of which leads to production of _____

A

heme

abnormal heme

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54
Q

BREAK DOWN OF RED BLOOD CELL
➢After the average life span of about ______, rbc are broken down and vital components recycled for production of new ones.

➢About ___ rbc is broken down /hour giving about ______ of hemoglobin

➢The breakdown takes place in the ____,____,_____,_______ via the activities of the _______ cells (_____)

A

120 days

1x10 raised to power 10

0.3grams

spleen, liver, Lymph nodes and long bone marrow

Reticuloendothelial; Macrophages

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55
Q

Sickle cell

hereditary or not

genetic or not

-characterized by the presence of abnormal _____-shaped red blood cells instead of the regular _______-shaped cells.

A

Hereditary

Genetic

crescent

biconcave disc

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56
Q

Sickle cell

First identified by ______ in ____ & named by _______ in ____ because of the ___ appearance of the red blood cell.

A

Dr. Herrick in1910

Dr V.R Mason in 1922

sickle

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57
Q

The main cause of sickle cell disease is when _____ mutates into an abnormal type called ______

A

haemoglobin

haemoglobin S.

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58
Q

Hemoglobin S

There was substitution of ___ for _______ at position ___ on the ___ polypeptide chain of the haemoglobin.

A

valine

Glutamic acid

6

beta

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59
Q

The determination of the type of hemoglobin is based on the type of the ______ present.

A

polypeptide chain combination

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60
Q

There are normally __ chain in an hemoglobin

A

4

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61
Q 
The chains that are available are ;
   α-chain : which has \_\_\_ amino acids
   β- chain : which has \_\_\_\_ amino acids
   δ- chain : which has \_\_\_ amino acids
  γ-chain: which has \_\_\_\_ amino acids
A

141

146

146

146

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62
Q

Hemoglobin S ( _____ substituted for _______ @ position __

A

Valine

glutamic acid

6

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63
Q

Hemoglobin G(San jose) ____ substituted for _____ @ position __

A

Glycine

glutamic acid

7

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64
Q

Hemoglobin E – ____ substituted for _______ @ position ___

A

Lysine

glutamic acid

26

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65
Q

Hemoglobin M (Saskatoon) ____ substituted for ____ @position __

HgM (Milwaukee) ______ substituted for ___ @ position ___

A

Trypsin; Histidine; 63

glutamic acid ; valine ; 67

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66
Q

Hemoglobin O(Arabia) _____ substituted for ______ @ position ——

A

lysine

glutamic acid

121

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67
Q

Bilirubin binds to _______ in plasma for its transportation

Becomes conjugated with _____ to form Bilirubin _____ and bilirubin ____ in the ____

The two compound pass through the ____ into the _____ and get degraded into ___ by _____

Urobilinogen has the following fate after its formation;

  1. Reabsorbed and get back into the ___
  2. Some escape into blood stream and are ______ in the _____
  3. Some get oxidized into _____ ,forming brown colouration of the faeces
A

α-globulin

glucoronic acid; monoglucoronide; diglucoronide; liver

bile duct ; Colon; Urobilinogen; intestinal bacteria

liver; excreted; bile duct; Urobilin

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68
Q

JAUNDICE
●A clinical condition seen in patient with ____ colouration of the ___,_____ and & oda soft tissues of d body

● Bilirubin ,product of hemoglobin breakdown is present inthe plasma in ____ form in normal individual with a concentration of ___-___ mg/100ml of blood

● Any excess will not be handled by the body and will lead to the yellowish colourtion of the skin, conjunctiva and other soft tissues of the body

● It usually occur when more than ___-___mls of blood is ______ in less than a day.

A

yellowish

cornea,conjunctiva

conjugated; 0.3- 1.0

300-500; hemolysed

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69
Q

CAUSES OF JAUNDICE
_______
_____ or Toxic effect on liver cells
_______ of the _____ duct

A

Hemolysis

Infection

Obstruction of the bile

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70
Q

TYPES of jaundice

  1. Hemolytic Jaundice-due to _________ , after birth jaundice, after ______ mutation and _____ mechanism for adaptation to ____ tension
  2. Obstructive Jaundice.- _____,____,____
A

mismatched blood

bone marrow

compensatory; high O2

Gall stone, Tumour, Damage to liver.

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71
Q

ANAEMIA
Anaemia is a disease condition characterised by a (increment or reduction?) in number of circulating rbc and consequently circulating hemoglobin content of the blood

A

Reduction

72
Q

CAUSES of anaemia

  1. When erythropoietic tissue cant ____________ to maintain daily output of about ________ cells to maintain normal concentration.
  2. Rapid ___ of blood from the body beyond which rbc _____.
  3. ______ failure of ______ to erythrocyte due to absence of _____ and ____, with formation of a ____ (rbc with _____)
A

supply enough normal rbc

2x10^11

loss; production

Maturation; reticulocyte

Vit12 & folic acid

megaloblast; nucleus

73
Q

TYPES of anaemia
1. Sickle cell anaemia:Result from __________ present in blood as a result of _______ or ______
2. Aplastic anaemia:_______ of _______ with replacement with ____
3. Pernicious /Megaloblastic anaemia: _______
4. Iron deficient anaemia:Iron deficiency wil lead to _____ rbc productn & ______ concentration.
5. Hemolytic anaemia
Hemolysis due to problem with the rbc’s _____, presence of drugs and infection that affect negatively the activities of the _______________

A

abnormal sickle shaped rbc

hereditary or mutation

Absent of red bone marrow ; fatty tissue

Maturation failure of reticulocyte to erythrocyte due to absence of Vit12 & folic acid, with formation of a megaloblast (rbc with nucleus)

lowered; hemoglobin

membrane; Glucose -6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase.

74
Q

WHITE BLOOD CELLS
The white blood cells are also known as ______
There are about ___-_____ white blood cells/mm3 of blood.
The amount varies with the health state of the subject with ___eased concentration during infction.
They are broadly divided into ;

_______ and ______

A

leucocytes; 4-11 thousand

Incr

Granulocyte and agranulocytes

75
Q

Granulocyte:- Contains ______ that pick up ____.

A

cytoplasmic granules

stains

76
Q 
Eosinophils
   Staining colour- \_\_\_\_\_
   No of lobes of nucleus-\_\_-\_\_
   Concentration –  \_\_\_-\_\_\_ cells /mm3 blood
   % of wbc —_—%
   Half  life – \_\_-\_\_ hours
A

Bright red

1-2

150-300

1-4

12-20

77
Q

Basophil

Staining colour – ——-

No of lobes of nucleus –______

Concentration – __-___cell/ mm3 of blood

% white blood cell –__-__%
Half life -___-___ hour

A

Blue

No definite lobe

0-100

1-4

12-20

78
Q

Neutrophil
Staining – _____

No of lobes –__-__

Concentration –_____-_____ cells/mm3 of blood

Half life –______

A

Neutral

3-5

3000 – 6000

6 hours

79
Q

Agranulocytes
Monocytes
●Has _____ shaped nucleus occupying _____ of the cytoplasma
●Concentration = ___-___ cells /mm3 of blood
●% white blood cell – __-__%
●Half life –_____ to _____

A

horse shoe
2/3

300-600

2-8

72hours to Months

80
Q

Usually, monocytes circulates for about _____ in the blood after which they enter the tissue & are transformed into tissue _____ wher they can survive for ______.

A

72 hours

macrophages

months

81
Q

Example of tissue macrophages;

  1. _____ cell of the liver.
  2. Pulmonary _____ macrophages
  3. _____ in bones
  4. _______ cells in the brain and Nervous system
  5. _____ of the lymph nodes
  6. _____ of the spleen

Macrophages are activated by _____ from __-lymphocytes and are called _____ or _____ cells

A

Kuffer

alveolar

Osteoclast

Microglia

Microphages

Macrophages

lymphokines; T

histocytes or wandering

82
Q

ALBUMIN
●From the ___

●4-5g/100mls of blood (3.5-5g/dl)
●D smallest size wit molecular weight of ___-____
●Total exchangeable albumin pool=__-__g/kg bodyweight
●____% of exchangeable pool degraded daily
●Replacement comes from hepatic cells producing —-_——mg/kg/day

A

liver

69000- 70000

4-5

10

200 to 400

83
Q

●Most abundant plasma protein is ???

A

Albumin

84
Q

Synthesis of albumin ___eases in fasting and ___ease in nephrosis because of loss in urine

A

Decr

Incr

85
Q

GLOBULIN
●Made by the ____ & others by plasma cells
●Form about ___% of total plasam protein
●Amount in circulating blood ___g/100ml of blood
●Occurs in various form –α-globulin (150,000 – 160,000) to Transport _____ and ___
-γ-globulin (150,000 – 900,000).e.g ____ trasporting protein called _____.
-β – globulin (90,000) e.g _______

A

liver

20

2-3

retinol and Thyroxine

iron; transferrin

antibodies

86
Q

Albumin-globulin ratio = __:__

A

2: 1

87
Q

FIBRINOGEN
●From ____
●Molecular weight = _______
● Amount in circulation = ____-____g/100ml

A

liver

350,000

0.15- 0.3

88
Q

The only soluble plasma protein is _______

A

Fibrinogen

89
Q

INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
● Injury to tissue as a result of bacteria ,trauma, chemicals, heat or any other sources initiates the release of chemical substances causing (primary or secondary?) changes in the injured tissue, a reaction known as inflammation. Its characterrised by
1.Vaso_____ of local blood vessels
2.____eased capillary permeability
3.______ of ____ in interstitial spaces
4.Migration of ______ and _____ to area of injury
5.Swelling of the ____ cells

A

Secondary

dilation
Incr

Clotting of fluid

Granulocytes and monocytes
tissue

90
Q

In Acute Inflammation
➢ _______ cells are dominant with _____ cell migrating later
➢Endogenous mediator from blood vessels or extra vascular tissues e.g ______,______,______,_______, and ______ system play important role

A

Polymorphonuclear

mononulear

Serotonin, Bradikinin, lyphokines, histamin and complement

91
Q

In Chronic Inflammation
➢Involves ______ and ______ ( ____ cells)
➢When it occur just under the skin, its characterised by
_____
______
______

A

monocytes and cytotoxic T-cells

T8

Swelling
Tenderness
Pain

92
Q

Triple inflammatory Response
Occur due to injury to the skin and its characterised by

______
_______(____)
_______

A

Red reaction
Wheal (The swelling)
Flare

93
Q

Red reaction:- Occuring within _____
Its due to ______ (constriction or dilatation ?)

Wheal (The swelling):-Occuring after ______ following red reaction
It is a _____ and it due to increased _____

Flare:- Its due to _____ (constriction or dilatation ?)

A

10 minutes

capillary dilation

a few minutes

local edema; capillary permeability

arteriolar dilation

94
Q

A flare reaction is present after total sympathectomy

T/F

A

T

95
Q

Flare is present in locally anesthetized skin and denervated skin

T/F

A

F

It isn’t

96
Q

Lymphocytes

-are produced from lymph nodes ,_____ and _____.The precursors ,all came from the _______.
Concentration- 1500, 4000 cells/ mm3 of blood
% white blood cells- 20-40%
Half life –_____
➢Concentration decreased by ___corticoids from zona ____ of adrenal cortex

A

thymus & spleen

bone marrow

200 days

gluco; fasiculata

97
Q

Lobe - ________ nucleus occupying almost the whole cytoplasm

A

Single large

98
Q

●The lymphatic system represent an assesory route by which fluid can flow from _____ state into the ____.

●Except the _______ ,_______,______ all other part of the body have lymphatic channels.
●The lymphatic system has lymph nodes which have reticulum cells, a premitive phagocytic cell

A

CNS, Bone and Superficial portion of the skin

99
Q

Composition of lymph

  1. ____
  2. _____
  3. ______ concentration is about __g/dl
A

Water

Lymphocytes

Protein;2

100
Q

IMMUNITY
Immunity is the ability of the body to ______ by foreign organism or toxins that tend to damage the tissue and organs of the body.

A

resist invasion

101
Q

There are 2 types of immunity
A._____ immunity
B._____ immunity

A

Innate

Aquired

102
Q

A.Innate immunity
➢________ nor _____ at a specific disease causing organism
➢Includes;
a. ______ action of white blood cells
b. Action of ____ enzymes in the GIT
c. Resistance posed by the ____ etc

A

Non specific nor directed

Phagocytic

digestive

skin

103
Q 
Acquired immunity
➢This is developed against a \_\_\_\_\_ invading organism or toxins after \_\_\_\_\_\_
➢Involves production of \_\_\_\_\_\_
➢There are two forms of aquired immunity
i. \_\_\_\_\_\_ immunity

ii. ______ immunity

A

specific

first experience

specific antibodies

Humoral

Cellular

104
Q

Types of acquired immunity

i. Humoral immunity:This is immunity produced by ______
ii. Cellular immunity:This is achieved via _______________ designed to ___________

A

circulating antibodies (γ-globulin)

production of large number of activated lymphocytes ; destroy the foreign agent.

105
Q

Cellular immunity is responsible for ________ reaction and ______ of ______

A

delayed allergic

rejection of foreign tissue transplant.

106
Q

WAYS OF ACHIEVING SELF IMMUNITY

  1. Use of ________(weakened) organism that help the body to ______ e.g _____
  2. Use of ____ organism to provoke production of ______ similar to those occasioned by another organism e.g. _____ use to prevent small pox
  3. The use of ___ organism that causes __ disease but capable of inducing formation of antibodies e.g__ and ____
  4. Use of _____ which are_____ to remove the ____ effect but still able 2 stimulate production of antibodies e.g _____
  5. Injection of __________ containing antibodies to several antigen
  6. Use of ___ toxins i.e.____ to _____ organism e.g______ to _______.
A

life attenuated ; produce Imunoglobulins; measles

similar; antibodies

Cowpox; small pox

killed; no; polio & thyphoid

tooids; toxins Modified; toxic; tetanus

cooled human γ-globulin

Anti; Antibody; specific

antitoxin to Rattle snake venom

107
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ANTIBODY
● Has _______ chains
-____ chains called ____ chains
-_____ chains called ____ chains

A

4 polypeptide

2long; heavy

2 short; light

108
Q

An anti body

There are ____ types of heavy chains and ____ types of light chains

A

5

2

109
Q

An antibody

The heavy chain has :

           a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ segement
           a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ segement
           a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ segement
           a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ segement
● This alows for production of immensely large    number of different configuration of   \_\_\_\_\_\_
A

variable (V)

diversity (D)

joining (J)

constant (C)

immunoglobulins

110
Q

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
● The gene is located on the ____ arm of human chromosome ___ and it encodes for glycoproteins located on surfaces of all cells
● This glycoprotein is responsible for _______ and ______
● There are 2 types based on tissue distribution
1. _____ antigen
2. _____ antigen

A

short; 6

self recognition and antibody processing

Class I

Class II

111
Q

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX

Class I antigen

-molecular weight = ______
-Found on ______ cells
Must be presented with ____ to activate ___ cells

Class II antigen
-Its an ______
___-___ _____-chain
___-___ _____-chain
Found on _____,_____, and _______cells
Must be presented with ___ to activate —— cells

A

45 kilodalton

all nucleated

antigen; T8

heterodymer

29-34k α

25-28k β

macrophages, B-cells & activated T-

antigen; T4

112
Q

THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
●These are ______ plasma enzymes found in serum that can cause ____ of rbc and also the destruction of certain ____ when appropriate _____ is also present.
●They serve as the _____ of the effects of circulating antibodies and cellular immunity.
●The enzymes are designated as ___-____
●The complement system is activated via ____ pathway(by ____________ ) or via ____\ or _________ pathway (via a circulating protein known as _______)

A

heat labile; lysis; bacteria; antibody

mediator

C1-C9

classic; antigen bounded antibody

alternate or pro-perdin

factor1

113
Q

actomyosin - causes ____ of platelets

A

contraction

114
Q

HEMOPHILIA A(______ hemophilia) :- It is genetically transmitted and its characterised by lack of factor _____ (antihemophilic ____)

A

Classical

VIII

globulin

115
Q

HEMOPHILIA B (____disease) :- It is characterised by failure of factor ____. It is ___ linked

A

Christmas

IX

sex

116
Q

HEMOPHILIA C:- It is characterised by failure of factor ___ ( _______)

A

XI

Plasma thromboplastin anticedent

117
Q

HYPOFIBRINOGENEMIA :- Deficiency of fibrinogen. It can be _____ or _____ due to severe ____ damage

A

congenital or acquired

liver

118
Q

INTRAVASCULAR CLOTING (THROMBOSIS) :-It result in a clot caused by a ____ blood flow and the presence of ____ surface.

It may be serious depending on the ______ e.g at coronary vessels or cerebral vessels.

A

slow

roughen

Side of formation

119
Q

Von willebrand’ disease:-

Deficiency of Von wilebrand factor which form a complex with factor ____ regulating plasma level of factor ____

A

VIII

VIII

120
Q

agglutinogens

These are glycoprotein complexes with molecular weight of about _____

A

200,000

121
Q

Who has more of the following betweeen USA and Nigeria

A
B
AB
O

A

USA
Nigeria
Nigeria
USA

122
Q

Agglutinogen A & B are inherited according to __________ of inheritance

A

Mendellian theory

123
Q

RHESUS FACTOR
● Rhesus factor or D antigen was first discovered on blood of a _______.
●This antigen is present in rbc of ____% of population.
● Individual with the antigen are Rh___
● Those without the D antigen are Rh_ & the corresponding antibody is ______ in plasma of Rh- individual.

A

rhesus monkey

85

+

-

not naturally present

124
Q

First Infusion of blood from Rh+ individual into Rh- individual will leads to development of ____

● Second experience of transfussion will lead to _______ of the ______ and Rhesus hemolytic disease of the new born arises i.e. ____________________

A

the antibody

destruction of rbc Rh+ blood

ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS

125
Q

T lymphocytes are processed in _____.

The processing occurs mostly during the period between _____ and _____.

A

thymus

just before birth

few months after birth

126
Q

Thymus secretes a hormone called ____, which plays an important role in immunity.

A

thymosin

127
Q

Thymosine

It accelerates the proliferation and activation of lymphocytes in thymus.

It decreases the activity of lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues.

T/F

A

T

F

128
Q

Types of T Lymphocytes:

  1. ____ T cells or ____ T cells.
  2. ___ T cells or ___ T cells.
  3. ____ T cells.
  4. _____ T cells.
A

Helper; inducer

Cytotoxic; killer

Suppressor

Memory

129
Q

Types of T Lymphocytes:

  1. Helper T cells These cells are also called ____ cells because of the presence of molecules called ____ on their surface.
  2. Cytotoxic T cells: These cells are also called _____ cells because of the presence of molecules called ____ on their surface.
A

CD4; CD4

CD8; CD8

130
Q

After the transformation, all the types of T lymphocytes stay in the thymus and are stored in the thymus cells

T/F

A

F

After the transformation, all the types of T lymphocytes leave the thymus and are stored in lymphoid tissues of lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow and GI tract.

131
Q

B lymphocytes were first discovered in the ______ in birds, hence the name B lymphocytes.

A

bursa of Fabricius

132
Q

Bursa of Fabricius is a lymphoid organ situated near the ____ of birds.

Bursa is (present or absent?) in mammals and the processing of B lymphocytes takes place in ____ (during fetal life) and ____ (after birth).

A

cloaca

Absent

liver

bone marrow

133
Q

After processing, the B lymphocytes are transformed into two types:

  1. _____ cells
  2. ____ cells.
A

Plasma

Memory

134
Q

Antigen-presenting cells are the special type of cells in the body, which ________ from ___ organisms and later present these materials to The _____ cells.

A

induce the release of antigenic materials

invading

helper T

135
Q

_______ are the major anti-gen-presenting cells.

A

macrophages

136
Q

Function of helper T cells

Helper T cells (CD4 cells) which enter the circulation activate ______ and ____

A

B cells to produce plasma cells

T lymphocytes to produce T8 cells and others

137
Q

Cytotoxic T cells that are activated by ________ , circulate through blood, lymph and lymphatic tissues and ____ the ____ organisms by ____

A

helper T cells

destroy

invading

attacking them directly.

138
Q

Suppressor T cells are also called ________ cells.

These T cells suppress the activities of the ________ cells.

A

regulatory T

killer T

139
Q

the suppressor T cells play an important role in preventing the ______ cells from destroying the _______ along with invaded organisms.

A

killer T

body’s own tissues

140
Q

Suppressor cells suppress the activities of helper T cells

T/F

A

T

141
Q

In later periods, the memory cells ________________ throughout the body.

When the body is exposed to the same organisms for the second time, the memory cells _____ the organism and immediately ________. So, the invading organism is destroyed very quickly. The response of the T cells is also more powerful this time.

A

migrate to various lymphoid tissues

identify

activate the other T cells

142
Q

FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA PROTEIN
Contribute to the ___ of the plasma
Responsible for _____ of filtered fluid from _____ compartment
Create _____ stability in blood aiding maintainance of dispersion of materials
Reserve of _____ for the body
__________
Transport of ___ in blood
Transport of _____,___,,______ ,

A

viscocity

osmotic return; interstitial fluid

suspension

amino acid

Blood buffers (15% of blood buffering capacity)

CO2

Hormones , urea, lipids, glucose

143
Q

T lymphocytes are processed in _____.

The processing occurs mostly during the period between _____ and _____.

A

thymus

just before birth

few months after birth

144
Q

Thymus secretes a hormone called ____, which plays an important role in immunity.

A

thymosin

145
Q

Thymosine

It accelerates the proliferation and activation of lymphocytes in thymus.

It decreases the activity of lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues.

T/F

A

T

F

146
Q

Types of T Lymphocytes:

  1. ____ T cells or ____ T cells.
  2. ___ T cells or ___ T cells.
  3. ____ T cells.
  4. _____ T cells.
A

Helper; inducer

Cytotoxic; killer

Suppressor

Memory

147
Q

Types of T Lymphocytes:

  1. Helper T cells These cells are also called ____ cells because of the presence of molecules called ____ on their surface.
  2. Cytotoxic T cells: These cells are also called _____ cells because of the presence of molecules called ____ on their surface.
A

CD4; CD4

CD8; CD8

148
Q

After the transformation, all the types of T lymphocytes stay in the thymus and are stored in the thymus cells

T/F

A

F

After the transformation, all the types of T lymphocytes leave the thymus and are stored in lymphoid tissues of lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow and GI tract.

149
Q

B lymphocytes were first discovered in the ______ in birds, hence the name B lymphocytes.

A

bursa of Fabricius

150
Q

Bursa of Fabricius is a lymphoid organ situated near the ____ of birds.

Bursa is (present or absent?) in mammals and the processing of B lymphocytes takes place in ____ (during fetal life) and ____ (after birth).

A

cloaca

Absent

liver

bone marrow

151
Q

After processing, the B lymphocytes are transformed into two types:

  1. _____ cells
  2. ____ cells.
A

Plasma

Memory

152
Q

Antigen-presenting cells are the special type of cells in the body, which ________ from ___ organisms and later present these materials to The _____ cells.

A

induce the release of antigenic materials

invading

helper T

153
Q

_______ are the major anti-gen-presenting cells.

A

macrophages

154
Q

Function of helper T cells

Helper T cells (CD4 cells) which enter the circulation activate ______ and ____

A

B cells to produce plasma cells

T lymphocytes to produce T8 cells and others

155
Q

Cytotoxic T cells that are activated by ________ , circulate through blood, lymph and lymphatic tissues and ____ the ____ organisms by ____

A

helper T cells

destroy

invading

attacking them directly.

156
Q

Suppressor T cells are also called ________ cells.

These T cells suppress the activities of the ________ cells.

A

regulatory T

killer T

157
Q

the suppressor T cells play an important role in preventing the ______ cells from destroying the _______ along with invaded organisms.

A

killer T

body’s own tissues

158
Q

Suppressor cells suppress the activities of helper T cells

T/F

A

T

159
Q

In later periods, the memory cells ________________ throughout the body.

When the body is exposed to the same organisms for the second time, the memory cells _____ the organism and immediately ________. So, the invading organism is destroyed very quickly. The response of the T cells is also more powerful this time.

A

migrate to various lymphoid tissues

identify

activate the other T cells

160
Q

FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA PROTEIN
Contribute to the ___ of the plasma
Responsible for _____ of filtered fluid from _____ compartment
Create _____ stability in blood aiding maintainance of dispersion of materials
Reserve of _____ for the body
__________
Transport of ___ in blood
Transport of _____,___,,______ ,

A

viscocity

osmotic return; interstitial fluid

suspension

amino acid

Blood buffers (15% of blood buffering capacity)

CO2

Hormones , urea, lipids, glucose

161
Q

T lymphocytes are processed in _____.

The processing occurs mostly during the period between _____ and _____.

A

thymus

just before birth

few months after birth

162
Q

Thymus secretes a hormone called ____, which plays an important role in immunity.

A

thymosin

163
Q

Thymosine

It accelerates the proliferation and activation of lymphocytes in thymus.

It decreases the activity of lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues.

T/F

A

T

F

164
Q

Types of T Lymphocytes:

  1. ____ T cells or ____ T cells.
  2. ___ T cells or ___ T cells.
  3. ____ T cells.
  4. _____ T cells.
A

Helper; inducer

Cytotoxic; killer

Suppressor

Memory

165
Q

Types of T Lymphocytes:

  1. Helper T cells These cells are also called ____ cells because of the presence of molecules called ____ on their surface.
  2. Cytotoxic T cells: These cells are also called _____ cells because of the presence of molecules called ____ on their surface.
A

CD4; CD4

CD8; CD8

166
Q

After the transformation, all the types of T lymphocytes stay in the thymus and are stored in the thymus cells

T/F

A

F

After the transformation, all the types of T lymphocytes leave the thymus and are stored in lymphoid tissues of lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow and GI tract.

167
Q

B lymphocytes were first discovered in the ______ in birds, hence the name B lymphocytes.

A

bursa of Fabricius

168
Q

Bursa of Fabricius is a lymphoid organ situated near the ____ of birds.

Bursa is (present or absent?) in mammals and the processing of B lymphocytes takes place in ____ (during fetal life) and ____ (after birth).

A

cloaca

Absent

liver

bone marrow

169
Q

After processing, the B lymphocytes are transformed into two types:

  1. _____ cells
  2. ____ cells.
A

Plasma

Memory

170
Q

Antigen-presenting cells are the special type of cells in the body, which ________ from ___ organisms and later present these materials to The _____ cells.

A

induce the release of antigenic materials

invading

helper T

171
Q

_______ are the major anti-gen-presenting cells.

A

macrophages

172
Q

Function of helper T cells

Helper T cells (CD4 cells) which enter the circulation activate ______ and ____

A

B cells to produce plasma cells

T lymphocytes to produce T8 cells and others

173
Q

Cytotoxic T cells that are activated by ________ , circulate through blood, lymph and lymphatic tissues and ____ the ____ organisms by ____

A

helper T cells

destroy

invading

attacking them directly.

174
Q

Suppressor T cells are also called ________ cells.

These T cells suppress the activities of the ________ cells.

A

regulatory T

killer T

175
Q

the suppressor T cells play an important role in preventing the ______ cells from destroying the _______ along with invaded organisms.

A

killer T

body’s own tissues

176
Q

Suppressor cells suppress the activities of helper T cells

T/F

A

T

177
Q

In later periods, the memory cells ________________ throughout the body.

When the body is exposed to the same organisms for the second time, the memory cells _____ the organism and immediately ________. So, the invading organism is destroyed very quickly. The response of the T cells is also more powerful this time.

A

migrate to various lymphoid tissues

identify

activate the other T cells

Phg 201 (8 decks)

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