Resp (2) Flashcards
Pharyngeal reflex involves pressure receptors which send an afferent signal where?
Brain stem
Continuous Positive airway pressure is a treatment for what?
Sleep disordered breathing
nose and pharynx contains what ciliated epithelial cells?
pseudostratified
Trachea and Bronchi contains what ciliated epithelial cells?
Columnar
Bronchioles contain what ciliated epithelial cell?
Cuboidal
what cells release mucins?
Goblet cells
What are the two layers found in the conducting system? What is on top?
Mucous Layer
Percilliary
The perciliary layer consists of what
Water + NaCl
What are the two strokes of cilia?
Effective Stroke
Recovery Stroke
What stroke does cilia reside back into after moving mucous?
Perciliary
Expectoration?
Coughing
Very large particles that are inhaled >8um (2)
Pollen / Sawdust
Where is pollen / sawdust desposited?
Nose + Pharynx
Name an antimicrobial peptide
Human B defensins
IgA can be found in what part of the conducting system
Nose + pharynx
Hb primary structure
141-166AA
What secondary structure is Hb
Globular
Increasing temperature does what to PO2
Increases
Increasing pH does what to PO2
Decreases
2,3 Diphosphoglycerate does what to PO2
Increases PO2
Methaeomoglobin
Defective Fe atom
CO2 can be found bound to what (2)
Lysine + arginine
Co2 is predominantly found in what form
Carbonic/bicarbonate form
Hamburger Shift
HCO3 exchanged for chloride ion
Haldane effect
deoxygenated blood carries more CO2 than oxygenated blood
What is the fast response to acid base balance
Respriatory
Via ventiliation
What is the slow response to acid base balance
Renal
excretion of H+
Respiratory alkalosis
low CO2
Normal HCO3
Respiratory Acidosis
High CO2
High HCO3
Metabolic Alkalosis
normal CO2
High HCO3
Metabolic Acidosis
Low CO2
Low HCO3
What can cause Respiratory acidosis
Ventilation failure
What can cause Respiratory alkalosis
Hyperventilation
What can cause metabolic acidosis
Vomiting / Gaviscon overload
Getting rid of too many H+ ions
What can cause metabolic alkalosis
Renal failure
Diabetic ketoacidosis / shock
Upper airway structures (3)
Nasal cavaties / Nasopharynx / Oropharynx
Lower airway structures (3)
Larynx / Trachea / Bronchi
Lung bud stems from what
Respiratory Diverticulum
Tracheosophageal Ridges separates into what (2)
what day?
Respiratory Diverticulum + foregut
Day 22
Trachea stems from what
Respiratory Diverticulum
85-90% of Tracheosophageal Fistulas are what
Oesophageal atresia
What occurs in oesophageal atresia
Distal part of oesophagus connected to trachea
Food can enter trachea
in H type Tracheosophageal Fistulas (TOF), what occurs
Milk can enter respiratory systems
What are the associated problems with TOF (7)
VACTERL
Vertebral / Anal / Cardiac / Trachea / Oesophageal / Renal / Limb
on day 28, what occurs to the bronchial buds
Right / Left bronchial buds are formed
on day 30, what occurs to the bronchial buds
Secondary Bronchial Buds form (3R + 2L)
Day 38, what forms? How many on each side?
Tertiary Bronchial buds
10R + 8L
What week does terminal bronchioles form
week 16
What week does respriatory bronchioles form
Week 26
What week does alveoli first start to develop?
When do they stop forming
Week 36
36wks-8yrs
the Epithelium of the lung is derived from what
foregut
SM ? Cartilage / CT / Capillaries are formed from what
Visceral mesoderm
Pulmonary Agenesis
Caused by?
One primary bronchi forms
Lung buds fail to split
Pulmonary Hypoplasia
Found in?
All components present, not formed correctly
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
What forms in branching morphogenesis
Azygos lobe
4 stages of maturation of the lung in order
Pseudoglandular (P)
canalicular (C)
Saccular (S)
Alveolar (A)
Potato Catcher Sounds Awesome
Pseudoglandular stage occurs in what weeks?
Whats formed
Weeks 5-17
Terminal Bronchioles
Canalicular stage occurs in what weeks?
What is formed
weeks 16-25
Respiratory Bronchioles
Saccular stage occurs in what weeks?
What is formed
Weeks 26-birth
ALveoli
Type 1 Pneumocytes do what
Type 2 do what?
type 1 = gaseous exchange
Type 2 = surfactant
Alveoli stage occur when
Weeks 36-8years
What % of mature alveoli dont develop until after birth
95%
Breathing in utero role?
Kicking in utero role?
Remove amniotic fluid
Starts muscle of respiration
if baby is born <26wks, pronosis of child with respriatory distress syndrome?
Bad
Glucocorticosteroids can be used in RDS why?
Accelerates lung development + surfactant production
Surfactant (… + …) can be given for RDS
A + B
