Resp (1) Flashcards
How many lobes does the left lung have
2
Superior / inferior
What fissure is present in the left lung
Oblique fissure
Which lung is larger
Right
What is the carina
Structure that seperates the two bronchi
Thoracic Inlet is found where
Superior end of ribs
Thoracic Outlet is found where
Inferior end of ribs closed off by diaphragm
at the 2nd intercoastal , what can be found
Pulmonary valves
at the 5th intercoastal rip, what can be found
apex of heart
Phrenic nerves originate fromn where
C3/4/5
Superior / Anterior movement of sternum is done by what
Upper ribs
What does the upper ribs increase?
Antereoposterior diameter
what causes the elavation of the lateral shaft of ribs?
Lower ribs
What is increased by the lower ribs
Transverse diameter
What does the pleura do in terms of pressure
Increases the negative intrapleural space pressure
What are the 4 divisions of the parietal pleura
Cervical
Coastal
Diaphragmatic
Mediastinal
give an example of an intrinisic restrictive respriatory disease
Pulmonary fibrosis
give an example of an extrinisic restrictive respiratory disease
Pneumothorax
What happens to intrapleural pressure during inspiration
increase
What happens to incrapleural pressure during expiration
Decrease
During harder breathing in expiration, what contracts
Internal intercoastal muscles + abdominal muscles
Expiratory Reserve Volume consists of what
Large of a volume exhaled as deeply as possible
what prevents complete emptying of the lungs
Rigid thorax + pleural attachements of lungs
Vital capacity includes what 3 things
Tidal Volume (TV)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Expriatory Reserve Volume (ERV)
functional residual capacity consists of what?
What is it dependent on?
ERV + RV
Compliance of lungs
Compliance is not what throughout the lung
Equal
to measure pressure of lung what is used
Oesophageal balloon
2 Reduced compliance diseases
Kyphoscoliosis
Circumferential Burn
Increased compliance disease
Emphysema
Closing capacity
Volume of luings if bronchioles + alveoli collapse
Closing capacity equation
Closing volume + residual volume
Law of laplace
P = 2T / R
How is surface tension decreased
Forming a sphere
Hysteresis
Lung volume during inhalation is less than lung volume during expiration
Causes of hysteresis
Reduced compliance
if FEV1/FVC = <0.7
obstructive
Work =
Volume x pressure
How is work reduced in restrictive diseases
rapid small volume breaths
How is work reduced in obstructive diseases
Large volume breaths
What does humifidication of oxygen do
decreases partial pressure of O2
increasing solubility of a fluid does what to partial pressure of a gas
Decreases
typical ventilation L/min
5.5
Which part of the alveoli is the largest
Apical
Which part of the alveoli can expand the most and has better ventilation
Basal
Bronchial artery stems from what
Thoracic aorta
At the zone 1 of alveolar dead space, what happens in terms of ventilation and perfusion
Good ventilation but no perfusion
At zone 2 of the Recruitment zone, what happens to the PP of gases
Higher P(arterial pressure) due to higher hydrostatic pressure
Blood flow is determined by what in zone 2
Difference in P(arterial) + P(Alveoli)
the distention zone is found where
Base of lung
Blood flow is determined by what in zone 3
P(arterial) + P(venous)
V/Q of apex of lung
V/Q of base of lung
- 3
0. 6
Physiological dead space consists of (2)
Anatomical dead space + Alveolar dead space
Anatomical dead space includes (2)
Mouth + trachea
anything not involved in gas exchange
V/Q of shunt
Low
Shunts can occurs from what
Pneumothorax
Bronchial veins
