Cardiology (3) Flashcards
Natriuretic peptides induce what
Excretion of Na
H20 follows
Natriuretic peptides are released from what stimulation
Myocytes stretching via increased plasma volume increasing
90% of hypertension is caused by what
Primary
Age related decreased sensitivity of baroreceptors
Secondary hypertension involves what
diseases (renal + endocrine)
Eutrophic remodelling occurs where?
What does this lead to in terms of blood pressure
What does this lead to in terms of SV
Small arteries
increased diastolic pressure
Increased SV
Hypertrophic remodelling occurs where?
What does this lead to in terms of blood pressure
What does this lead to in terms of wall stiffness
Large arteries
Increased systolic pressure
increased wall stiffness
hypertension can cause what disease in the kidney
Hypertensive neuropathy
Hypertensive neuropathy involves what
Renal arteriole thicken due to HTN
Decreased lumen size + BF decreases
Ischaemia of parts of kidney due to low BF
Fibrosis + atrophy
damage to glomerulus
Haemoproteinuria
what happens to blood viscosity in hypertensive patients
Inreased
management of HTN acronym
A C D
ACE inhibitors + angiotensin blockers
Calcium Blockers
Diuretics
ACE inhibitor drug
Ramipril
Angiotensin receptor blocker drug
Caandesartan
Calcium channel blocker (dihydropyridines)
amlodipine
Calcium channel blocker (non-dihydropyridines)
Diltiazem
what do dihydropyridines do?
Vasodilators + Diuretics
What do non-dihydropyridines do?
Negative Ionotropy + chronotropy
Diuretic drug (thiazide)
Indapamide
where do thiazide drugs work on
Distal convulated tubule (DCT)
Diuretic drug (loop on henle)
Furosemide
Diuretic drug (collecting tube)
Spironolactone (aldosterone antagonist)
Moxonide does what
Reduces SNS activity
Doxazosin is what type of blocker
A- Blocker
Baroreceptor reflex affects vaasodilatation through what type of receptors
Alpha receptors
Juxtaglomerular apparatus detect what (2)
Renal perfusion pressure
Sodium concentration
What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus release
Renin
Diastolic dysfunction is heart failure with what?
HFPEP
Preserved Ejection fraction
Systolic dysfunction is heart failure with what?
HFREP
Reduced ejection fraction
Lying flat symptom is called what
Orthopnoea
Bisoprolol leads to what shift on Bowditch curve
Decreased HR = Decreased contractility = right shift
Ivabradine works on what
SAN
Digoxin works on what
AVN
Valsartan works on what
Angiotensin blocker
Sacubitril is what type of inhibitor
Neprilysin
Starting from the lumen, name the key structures in arteries
LEIMA
Lumen Endothelium tunica intima tunica media tunica adventitia
6 things causing relaxation of arteries
CO2 / K+ / H+ / ADP / AMP / Adenosine
What happens to nitric oxide as we age
decreased production
Fractional flow reserve definition
technique used to measure difference in aortic stenosis before and after
Coronary flow reserve definition
Maximum increase in BF above normal resting volume
Caucasians increase what in angina
Proximal single segment disease
South asians increase what in angina
Multi segment disease
Vasopastic/variant angina involves what
Artery spasms caused by stress triggers
Microvascular vasopastic can arise from what
Metabolic syndrome
how many pairs of cervical spinal nerves do we have
8
how many pairs of thoracic spinal nerves do we have
12
how many pairs of lumbar spinal nerves do we have
5
how many pairs of sacral spinal nerves do we have
5
How many pairs of cocygeal spinal nerves do we have
1
