Cardiology (2)

Question 1

Stroke Volume Definition

Answer 1

Volume of blood ejected from the heart in a cardiac cycle

Question 2

Cardiac Output Definition

Equation

Answer 2

Amount of blood ejected from LV in a minute

CO = HR x SV

Question 3

Cardiac reserve Equation

Answer 3

CO (max) - CO (rest)

Question 4

Increased HR leads to what for Cardiac reserve

Answer 4

Decreased

Question 5

Adrenaline works on what receptor

Answer 5

B1 receptor

Question 6

If stretching occurs, what happens to myosin + actin filaments

Answer 6

More myosin can bind to actin = More contraction

Question 7

Left shifts in frank starling caused by what (2)

Answer 7

Exercise + pharmalogical stimulation

Question 8

left shifts in frank starling (afterload)

Answer 8

Decreased afterload + decreased ESV

Question 9

Noradrenaline + adrenaline stimulates what

what does this then activate

Answer 9

cAMP

More Ca+ entering cell = more contraction

Question 10

Ejection fraction equation

Answer 10

SV / EDV

Question 11

What does morphine do in Heart Failure (2)

Answer 11

Relaxes Pulmonary vessels

Reduces preload + reducing strain on LV

Question 12

Furosemide acts where

What does it lead to

Answer 12

Loop on henle

Reduces preload

Question 13

Ductus arteriosus is normally closed due to (2)

Answer 13

High oxygen tension

Decreased circulating prostaglandins

Question 14

Patent ductus arteriosus can be treated with

Answer 14

Prostaglandin inhibitors

Question 15

Asymptomatic probe patent foramen ovale is caused by what

Answer 15

Pressure in LA greater than RA

Pressure on Septum Primum closes gap

Question 16

What can cause pressure in RA to be greater than LA

Answer 16

pulmonary hypertension

Question 17

Ostium secundum defect can be caused by what

Answer 17

Excessive apoptosis in septum primum

Question 18

What is the most common congenital defect

Answer 18

Ventricular septal defect

Question 19

Truncus arteriosus is normally seperated into Aorta + pulmonary trunk via what cells?

Answer 19

Neural crest cells from neural tube

Question 20

What septum is present betweenn aorta + pulmonary trunk

Answer 20

Conotruncal septum

Question 21

Preductal patent ductus arteriosus clinical symptom

Answer 21

Poor perfusion of lower limbs

normal upper body limbs

Question 22

Postductal patent ductus arteriosus clinical symptom

Answer 22

body well perfused

Question 23

Postductal patent ductus arteriosus leads to what enlargement

Answer 23

Internal thoracic artery + intercoastal arteries

Question 24

Transposition of the great vessels involve what (method)

Answer 24

No spiralling of conotruncal swelling

aorta arises from RV

Pulmonary trunk arises from LV

Question 25

Tetralogy of Fallot includes what 4 things

Answer 25

PROV Pulmonary stenosis Right ventricular hypertrophy Overiding Aorta Ventricular septal defect

Question 26

Coarctation of aorta involves what

Answer 26

Narrowing of aorta near ductus arteriosus

Question 27

Bowditch Effect involves what

Answer 27

Increase in HR = Increased contractility Decrease in HR = Decreased contractility

Question 28

Bainbridge reflex involves what

Answer 28

Increased VR Baroreceptors detect in atria HR increased to SAN

Question 29

Bainbridge reflex is involved in what pathology

Answer 29

Sinus arrhythmia | breathing in can cause increase VR = Increased HR

Question 30

Chronotropy works on what?

Answer 30

SAN

Question 31

Inotropy works on what

Answer 31

Atria + relaxation

Question 32

Dromotropy works on what

Answer 32

AVN

Question 33

Lusitropy works on what

Answer 33

Ventricles + relaxation

Question 34

Aldosterone is released from where

Answer 34

Kidneys (adrenal Cortex)

Question 35

Vasopressin is released from where

Answer 35

Pituitary gland

Question 36

Epinephrine is released from where

Answer 36

Adrenal medulla

Question 37

Epinephrine can stimulate release of what? What does this lead to

Answer 37

Renin HR + SV

Question 38

parasympathetic system doesnt affect what (2)

Answer 38

RAAS ventricular contractility

Question 39

Baroreceptors for the heart are found where (2)

Answer 39

Carotid sinusus Aortic arch

Question 40

Increased arterial pressure leads to what in terms of firing of baroreceptors What does this lead to in terms of Sympathetic innervation

Answer 40

Increased firing of baroreceptors Decreased sympathetic innervation

Question 41

Angiotensin 2 is released from where? what stimulates its release

Answer 41

Adrenal cortex Renin