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Physiology #4 > RESP 2 > Flashcards

RESP 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which are more distensible/compliant… systemic capillaries or pulmonary capillaries?

A

pulmonary

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2
Q

Which are shorter… pulmonary or systemic veins?

A

pulmonary veins

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3
Q

Why is blood in the left atrium slighly lower O2 conc than blood in the pulmonary capillaries?

A

some deoxygenated blood from the bronchial veins mixes with oxygenated blood in the pulmonary veins.

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4
Q

What is the blood pressure and MAP in the pulmonary circulation?

A

25/8
14 mmHg

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5
Q

What is the average pulmonary capillary pressure?

A

7 mmHg

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6
Q

Pulmonary blood volume accounts for ~ ____ of blood volume but is is highly variable.

A

9% (450ml)

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7
Q

What increases pulmonary blood volume?

A
  • inspiration
  • lying down
  • disease states (heart failure)
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8
Q

What will opening more capillaries do to total resistance?

A

increase surface area and decrease resistance

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9
Q

An increase in blood flow leads to a ________ in pulmonary vascular resistance.

A

decrease

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10
Q

An increase in Flow (CO) to lungs will decrease pulmonary Resistance
through:

A
  1. Recruitment of pulmonary capillaries
  2. Distension of pulmonary capillaries
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11
Q

When PAO2 (Alveolar concentration of O2) drops 70% below normal, adjacent blood vessels…

A

constrict

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12
Q

What then would happen throughout the pulmonary circulation at a high altitude where PAO2 is reduced?

A

pulmonary hypertension

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13
Q

What happens in the systemic circulation when PaO2 levels drop?

A

vasodilation

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14
Q

If PAO2 is high adjacent vessels will…

A

dilate

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15
Q

Perfusion of a hypoventilated alveolus would result in blood with _______ PaO2 (if no vasoconstriction occurred)

A

decreased

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16
Q

What allows blood to be sent to better ventilated alveoli to maximize gas exchange?

A

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV)

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17
Q

In response to decreased PAO2, hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) occurs to _______ blood flow to hypoventilated alveoli.

A

reduce

18
Q

What are pulmonary vasodilators?

A
  • High O2 in alveoli
  • Dopamine
  • Bradykinin
  • Prostacyclin
  • Nitric Oxide
  • Histamine (H2)
  • Acetylcholine
19
Q

What are pulmonary vasoconstrictors?

A
  • Low O2 in alveoli
  • High CO2 in alveoli
  • Norepinephrine
  • Angiotensin II
  • Endothelin
  • Vasopressin
  • Thromboxane A2
20
Q

What vasodilator of pulmonary arteriole has opposite response in systemic versus pulmonary?

A

High O2 in alveoli is vasodilator
- vasoconstrict in systemic arterioles

21
Q

What vasoconstrictor of pulmonary arteriole has opposite response in systemic versus pulmonary?

A

Low O2 and High CO2 in alveoli is vasoconstrictor
- vasodilates in systemic arterioles

22
Q

What is PVR?

A

pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)
- the total of Alveolar Vessels + Extra-alveolar Vessel Resistance

23
Q

When the alveoli expand
during INSPIRATION…

A

1) Alveolar vessels are compressed/elongated and their resistance increases
2) Extra-alveolar vessels have decreased resistance

24
Q

Resistance in the pulmonary circulation is lowest when lung volume is equal to ___

A

FRC

25
Q

What is functional residual capacity (FRC)?

A

volume of air in the lungs after a normal (TV) expiration

26
Q

What zone has the highest hydrostatic pressure and the highest blood floow per alveolus?

A

zone 3

27
Q

In zone 1 which is lower Pa or PA?

A

Pa is lower (capillaries are compressed)

28
Q

In zone 2 which is lower Pa or PA?

A

PA is lower (blood flow is intermittent)

29
Q

In zone 3 which is higher Pa or PA?

A

very high Pa (due to gravity)
- continuous bloof low

30
Q

What converts zone 2 to zone 3?

A

exercise

31
Q

Normal Whole Lung V/Q is 0.8 which means there is more _________ flow than _________ flow.

A

more blood flow than air flow

32
Q

In a normal individual, the _____ of the lung has a higher V/Q than the rest of the lung

A

apex

33
Q

Fast, shallow breaths in upright position cause V/Q mismatch because…

A

air flows to upper lobes and blood to lower lobes

34
Q

If ventilation is limited,

V/Q is…
O2 is…
CO2 is…
smooth muscles in the ____constrict

A
35
Q

If perfusion is limited,

V/Q is…
O2 is…
CO2 is…
smooth muscles in the ____constrict

A
36
Q

If _____ is negative, it is a filtration
pressure but if it is positive, it is an
absorption pressure.

A

Pif

37
Q

What are the hydrostatic pressures?

A
  • Capillary Pressure (Pc)
  • Interstitial Fluid Pressure (Pif)
38
Q

What are the osmotic pressures?

A
  • Plasma Colloid Osmotic Pressure
    (np)
  • Interstitial Fluid Colloid Osmotic
    Pressure (nif)
39
Q

What are the filtration pressures?

A
  • Capillary Pressure (Pc) = 7 mmHg
  • Interstitial Fluid Pressure (Pif) = -8 mmHg
  • Interstitial Colloid Osmotic Pressure (nif) = 14 mm Hg
40
Q

What are the absorption pressures?

A
  • Plasma Colloid Osmotic Pressure (np) = 28 mmHg
41
Q

The balance of pulmonary capillary and interstitial hydrostatic and colloid pressures can be disrupted resulting in __________

A

pulmonary edema

Physiology #4 (11 decks)

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