Pulmonary Ventilation Flashcards
What are the zones in pulmonary ventilation?
- Conducting zone
- Respiratory zone
Function of conducting zone?
Conduction: (provide a route for incoming and outgoing air, remove debris and pathogens from the incoming air, and warm and humidify the incoming air)
Air is ________, _________, and filtered in the conducting zone.
- warmed
- humidified
The conducting zone contains ______, ________, and _______, which prevent the collapse of airways
- cilia
- mucus (respiratory escalator)
- cartilage
Function of respiratory zone?
Gas exchange
Alveoli (in alveolar sacs) are connected by ________ of ________ (lateral)
Pores of Kohn
The ________ zone contains less cilia, mucus, smooth muscle and cartilage.
Respiratory
Which zone contains elastic fibers?
Respiratory
The CONDUCTING zone has a ________ size cross-sectional area. This contributes to a _______ flow rate.
- SMALLER cross-sectional area
- HIGHER air flow rate
The RESPIRATORY zone has a ______ size cross-sectional area. This contributes to a _______ flow rate
- LARGER cross-sectional area
- SLOWER air flow rate
The CONDUCTING zone has _______ resistance (in _______)
- HIGH resistance
- in SERIES
The RESPIRATORY zone has ________ resistance (in _______)
- LOW resistance
- in PARALLEL
Function of Type I alveolar cells?
Responsible for gas exchange
Function of Type II alveolar cells?
Secretes surfactant (and can transform into type I cells when necessary)
Which type of alveolar cells is most common?
Type I
Primary Muscles of INspiration?
diaphragm, also external intercostals, SCM, serratus anterior, and scalenes
Primary muscles of EXpiration?
abdominal muscles and internal intercostals (passive)
Inspiratory muscles _______ (contract/relax) and _______ (increase/decrease) the volume of the thorax, which ________ (increases/decreases) the pressure in the thorax (alveolar & pleural)
- contract
- increases volume
- decreases pressure
During _________, air enters the alveoli, and there is an increased alveolar pressure until alveolar = atmospheric
inspiration
At the end of inspiration (right before exhalation) ____________ pressure is the ___________ (greatest/lowest)
- TRANSPULMONARY pressure
- greatest
During exhalation, inspiratory muscles ________ (contract/relax) and ________ (increase/decrease) volume of the thorax, which __________ (increase/decrease) the pressure in the thorax (alveolar & pleural)
- inspiratory muscles RELAX
- DECREASE volume in thorax
- INCREASES pressure in thorax
For air to ENTER the lungs: alveolar pressure must be _______ than atmospheric pressure
LESS
For air to LEAVE the lungs: alveolar pressure must be _______ than atmospheric pressure
GREATER
Functions of Respiratory System:
A. Exchange of gases between atmosphere and the blood (external respiration)
B. Regulation of pH
C. Protection from inhaled pathogens and irritants
D. Vocalization
E. Route for water and heat loss
4 versions of gas exchange:
- Ventilation: air moves in and out of lungs
- Gases diffuse between alveoli and blood
- Blood carries gas through body
- Gases diffuse between blood and tissues
Where does the visceral pleura attach?
Attaches to the surface of the lung
What does the parietal pleura cover?
Covers surface of chest wall, diaphragm, and mediastinum
What is contained in the pleural space?
Contains very thin layer of pleural fluid under NEGATIVE pressure (called intrapleural pressure - Pip)
What does Intrapleural pressure (Pip) ensure?
ensures the lungs are held to chest wall and will move with the chest wall during inspiration and expiration
What is a pleural effusion?
excess fluid in pleural space, which makes lung expansion difficult so the person will breathe shallow and fast
Right lung has how many lobes?
3 lobes
Left lung has how many lobes?
2 lobes
Each lung has zones that differ in the amount of _______ and _______
air (ventilation; V) and blood (perfusion; Q)
Healthy lungs only have zones ____ and ____
2 & 3
Unhealthy lungs include zone ___
1
Which zone is best for gas exchange?
Zone 3
There is greater ventilation (V) of alveoli and blood flow (Q) into capillaries in Zone ___ compared to other zones
3
The respiratory system is divided into two functional zones: ________ zone and _________ zone
Conducting zone
Respiratory zone
Airways have a _______ in cartilage and an ________ in smooth muscle as you move along the airways
Decrease; increase
Cartilage functions to _______ airways ______
HOLD airways OPEN
There is a large ______ in surface area as you move deeper into the _________ zone and exchange surfaces
INCREASE in surface area
CONDUCTING zone
The amount of air in the ___________ zone is 150mL called the ___________ ________ ________
CONDUCTING zone
ANATOMICAL DEAD SPACE
