Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology #4 > RESP 1 > Flashcards

RESP 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is pleural effusion?

A

excess fluid in thepleural space, which makes lung expansion difficult so the person will breathe shallow and fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Someone with pleural effusion will breathe…

A

shallow and fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is PIP?

A

subatmospheric pressure, which ensures that the lungs are held to the chest wall and will move with the chest wall during inspiration & expiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Patm?

A

atmospheric pressure
- 760 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Does a healthy lung have all three zones?

A

No… just zone 2 and 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

There is _________ ventilation (V) of alveoli and blood flow (Q) into capillaries in zone 3.

A

greater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do the zones of the lung differ in?

A

amount of air (ventilation; V)
blood (perfusion; Q)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is there more airflow to zone 3?

A

alveoli are more compliant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the significance in increased surface area in the respiratory zone?

A

enhance gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the implications of decrease in cartilage and increase in smooth muscles as you go down the airway?

A

can lead to possible airway collapse (emphysema)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Beta 2 is a broncho_______

A

bronchodilator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Muscarinic 3 receptors are broncho______

A

bronchoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Velocity in the respitratory zone is _____ because of the increase in cross sectional area

A

slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the cell types in alveoli?

A
  • Type I cell (simple squamous cell)
  • Type II cell (surfactant
  • Macrophages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of cell produces surfactant?

A

Type II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does surfactant do?

A

decrease surface tension
easier to breath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The typical transit time at rest for an erythrocyte through an alveolar capillary is ______ seconds

A

0.75 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Gas exchange is usually
complete in _____ seconds

A

0.25 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is PAO2?

A

100 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is PACO2?

A

40 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is PaO2 and PaCO2 before the pulmonary capillary?

A

PaO2 - 40 mmHg
PaCO2 - 45 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is PaO2 and PaCO2 after the pulmonary capillary?

A

PaO2 - 100 mmHg
PaCO2 - 40 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the inspiratory muscles?

A

– Diaphragm, external intercostals
– Contraction INCREASES the size of the thorax and lungs (causing decreased Palv)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the expiratory muscles?

A

– Internal Intercostals, abdominal
muscles
– Contraction DECREASES the size of the thorax and lungs (causing increased Palv)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Neurons in the _________ control the lower motor neurons of the respiratory muscles

A

medulla and pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The ________ is the primary inspiratory muscle

A

diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Expiratory muscles ONLY
contract with ________ expiration.

A

ACTIVE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is Boyles law?

A

P1V1 = P2V2
In a sealed container, pressure times volume equals a constant. If pressure increases, volume decreases and vice versa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

For air to ENTER the lungs, the pressure in the alveoli (Palv) must be ______ than atmospheric pressure (Patm)

A

lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

For air to LEAVE the lungs, the pressure in the alveoli (Palv) must be ________ than atmospheric pressure (Patm)

A

higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The chest wall and the lung both wish to recoil apart how…

A

– Chest outward recoil
– Lung inward recoil (due to
alveoli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What overcomes the recoil between the lung and chest wall?

A

intrapleural fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What happens when Patm and Pip are equal?

A

in between breaths
- penumothorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

If PTP is negative…

A

collapsed lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Bigger then Palv what occurs?

A

inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the equation for transpulmonary pressure?

A

PTP = Palv – Pip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The elastic recoil of the lungs favors a __________ in lung volume or compression while the elastic recoil of the chest wall favors an _______ in lung volume or expansion.

A

decrease
increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the steps of inspiration?

A
  1. Inspiratory Muscles contract and the VOLUME of the thorax (and lungs) increases.
  2. Because volume has increased, the pressure in the lungs (Palv) decreases.
  3. When Palv < Patm, air flows into the lungs…
    a. As air enters the lungs, Palv begins to increase again.
    b. Air flow continues until Palv = Patm.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Nearly half of the energy expended for inspiration is stored in…

A

elastic recoil

40
Q

What are the steps of expiration?

A
  1. In relaxed breathing, it is a passive process due to relaxation of inspiratory muscles
  2. The thorax (and thus the lungs) decrease in volume.
  3. Because volume decreases, lung pressure (Palv) increases
  4. As soon as Palv > Patm, air flows down pressure gradient and
    out of the lungs
    a. As air leaves the lungs, Palv decreases.
    b. When Palv = Patm, air flow stops
41
Q

What are the two factors that affect pulmonary ventilation?

A
  1. lung compliance
  2. airway resistance
42
Q

What is the equation for compliance?

A

Compliance = change Volume/change Pressure

43
Q

Is the lung more elastic or compliant?

A

elastic

44
Q

What is the opposite of compliance?

A

elasticity

45
Q

High compliance =

A

easy stretch

46
Q

Lungs with lower compliance require a _______ transpulmonary pressure (PTP) to increase volume

A

larger

47
Q

What is an obstructive lung disease?

A
  • elastic fibers destroyed
  • increase compliance
  • deep and slow breathing
48
Q

What is restrictive lung disease?

A
  • decreased compliance
  • shallow and fast breathing
49
Q

How do people with obstructive lung disease breathe?

A

deep and slow

50
Q

How do people with restrictive lung disease breathe?

A

shallow and fast

51
Q

Surface Tension Accounts for _________ of Pulmonary Elasticity

A

Two-Thirds

52
Q

What is the law of LaPlace?

A

the relationship between surface tension and radius of an alveolus

53
Q

If two alveoli are connected and the
surface tension of each is equal, the
pressure in the small alveolus is greater. Because of this, air will flow into the _________ alveolus.

A

larger from the smaller

54
Q

What type of alveoli need more surfactant?

A

smaller alveoli need more surfactant to lower tension and pressure

55
Q

__________ reduces surface tension and equalizes pressure between alveoli of different sizes.

A

Surfactant

56
Q

What does surfactant do to surface tension and compliance?

A

decrease surface tension
increase compliance

57
Q

Surfactant production is increased due to…

A
  • hyperinflation of the lungs
  • exercise
  • Beta-adrenergic agonists
58
Q

What pathologies are associated with decrease in surfactant?

A
  • Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome
  • Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
  • Chronic Smoking
59
Q

What is the equation for airway resistance?

A
60
Q

What are the determinants of resistance?

A
  • radius of bronchi
  • viscosity of substance
  • length of tube
61
Q

What are the pathologies that increase airway resistance?

A

obstructive diseases (asthma, empthysema, bronchitis)

62
Q

If resistance increases, what must happen to the difference in pressure (Patm –Palv) to maintain normal air flow?

A

difference in pressure must increase

63
Q

What causes bronchodilation?

A
  • EPI on B2
  • decreased O2
  • increased CO2
64
Q

What causes bronchoconstriction?

A
  • ACH on M
  • increased O2
  • decreased CO2
  • histamine
65
Q

What is the average tidal volume?

A

500 mL

66
Q

What is the table for lung capacities?

A
67
Q

What is the graph for lung capacities?

A
68
Q

What is residual volume?

A

cannot breathe this out (always there)

69
Q

What is anatomic dead space?

A

amount of air that remains in conducting zone

70
Q

What is physiologic dead space?

A

anatomic DS + alveolar DS

71
Q

What is the equation for minute/pulmonary ventilation?

A

Tidal volume (ml/breath) X Respiration Rate (breaths/minute)

72
Q

What is the equation for alveolar ventilation?

A

(Tidal volume – Dead Space Volume) X Respiration Rate

73
Q

Is it better to breathe fast and shallow or slow and deep?

A

It is better to breathe deeper
instead of faster as deeper
breaths get more air into the
respiratory zone for gas exchange!

74
Q

What is the amout of air in the conducting zone (anatomic dead space)?

A

150 mL

75
Q

What is a normal respiratory rate?

A

12-20 breaths/minute

76
Q

What is forced vital capacity (FVC)?

A

Volume of air forcibly expired
after maximal inhalation. ~5 L

77
Q

What is forced expiration volume (FEV1)?

A

Fraction of FVC expired during the first second.

78
Q

What is the normal FEV1/FVC?

A

80%

79
Q

What disease type is FEV1/FVC less than 80%?

A

obstructive lung disease

80
Q

What is eupnea?

A

normal quiet breathing

81
Q

What is hyperpnea?

A

Increased rate or volume due to
higher metabolism

82
Q

What is hyperventilation?

A

Increased rate or volume w/o
increased metabolism

83
Q

What is wrong with obstructive diseases?

A

increased airway resistance

84
Q

What is wrong with restrictive diseases?

A

decreased lung compliance

85
Q

What are the examples of obstructive diseases?

A
  • asthma
  • emphysema
  • bronchitis
  • cystic fibrosis
86
Q

Obstructive diseases primarily impacts _________. Individuals with obstructive diseases will breathe _____________________.

A

expiration
slow and deep

87
Q

Restrictive diseases primarily impacts __________. Individuals with restrictive diseases will breathe _____________________.

A

inspiration
fast and shallow

88
Q

What are treatment options for atopic asthma (IgE mediated)?

A
  • Quick-relief medications: β2
    agonists, anticholinergic agents, etc.
  • Long-term medications: inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting bronchodilators.
89
Q

What is atopic asthma?

A

An allergen leads to an inflammatory response that causes bronchospasms that obstruct airflow. Chronic inflammation can lead to impaired mucociliary response, edema and increased airway responsiveness

90
Q

What is nonatopic asthma?

A

can occur with respiratory infections, exercise, hyperventilation, cold air, inhaled irritants, aspirin and other NSAIDS

91
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

Autosomal recessive disorder resulting in defective chloride ion transport (mutation in CFTR ion channel) that results in an abnormally thick mucus that obstructs airways.

92
Q

What are the treatments for cystic fibrosis?

A
  • Antibiotics
  • Chest Physical Therapy (percussion and postural drainage)
  • Mucolytic agents
  • Pancreatic enzyme replacement
93
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Destruction of elastic fibers & enlargement of airspaces due to destruction of airspace walls.

94
Q

What does emphysema due to resistance, elasticity, and compliance?

A

increased resistance
decrased elasticity
increased compliance

95
Q

What enzyme inactivates elastase before it can destory elastic fibers in the lungs?

A

α1-anti-trypsin inactivates elastase

96
Q

What are the symptoms of restrictive respiratory disease?

A
  • Increased respiratory rate
  • Chronic cough (dry, non-productive)
  • Polycythemia (increased RBC) due to hypoxia

Physiology #4 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions