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Patho > Resp 1 > Flashcards

Resp 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Moving air into and out of the lungs

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2
Q

External respiration

A

Gas exchange b/w the lungs and the blood

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3
Q

Transport

A

Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide b/w the lungs and tissues

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4
Q

Internal respiration

A

Gas exchange b/w the systemic blood vessels and tissues

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5
Q

Fx

A

Fractional volume or pressure (FN2 nitrogen fraction of pressure)

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6
Q

Cx

A

Concentration (content)

CO2: total oxygen content

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7
Q

a

A

Arterial blood

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8
Q

A

A

Alveolar gas

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9
Q

c

A

Pulmonary capillary blood

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10
Q

E

A

Mixed expired gas

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11
Q

Do not take part in gas exchange “physiological shunt”

A

Bronchial arteries

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12
Q

From aorta, bronchial arteries are __ % of cardiac output

A

2

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13
Q

Bring deoxygenated blood from right ventricle

A

Pulmonary arteries

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14
Q

Functions of nose:

A 
Heat & moisture exchanger (HME)
Air conditioning (100% humidification & warming the inspired air)
Filtration by nasal hairs (up to 6 micrometer particles)
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15
Q

Bleeding can occur while inserting nasal tubes d/t?

A

Increased vascularity of nasal mucosa

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16
Q

_________ can lead to lung crusting and infection

A

Tracheostomy

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17
Q

Which lung is more common site for inhaled foreign object? Why?

A

Right; Right main stem bronchus is more wide and vertical

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18
Q

________ pleura covers lung, ______ covers chest cavity

A

Visceral; parietal

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19
Q

What is the pressure in the pleural space? Why?

A

-5 cmH2O. Lungs have natural tendency to collapse while ribs try to move outward creating a vacuum in the pleural space

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20
Q

What happens to the pressure in the pleural space if air is introduced such as a stab wound or pneumo?

A

Will become 0 cmH2O (lung will collapse)

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21
Q

What happens if elastic tissue is destroyed?

A

The inward force is less and the chest cavity starts moving outward (Barrel shaped chest deformity)

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22
Q

Right main stem bronchus makes a _____ degree angle while left makes a _____ degree angle with trachea

A

25; 45

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23
Q

________ cells secrete mucus

A

Goblet

24
Q

Clear the passageways “house keepers”

A

Cilia

25
Q

Type II cells

A

Produce surfactant

26
Q

Type I cells

A

Produce angiotensin converting enzyme

27
Q

Total surface are of resp membrane

A

70 m2

28
Q

Resp membrane consists of:

A 
Alveolar fluid lining (contain surfactant)
Alveolar Epithelium
Epithelial basement membrane
Interstitial Space
Capillary basement membrane
Capillary endothelial membrane
29
Q

DLCO

A

Diffusion capacity of lung for Carbonmonoxide

30
Q

Reduced DLCO indicates?

A

Disrupted alveolar capillary surface

Abnormal in emphysema & interstitial fibrosis

31
Q

Most important muscle for inspiration

A

Diaphragm

32
Q

Muscles used for inspiration during exercise and respiratory distress

A

External intercostals, scalene, & sternomastoids

33
Q

Inspiration is active or passive process?

A

Active

34
Q

Expiration is active or passive process?

A

Passive (no ATP)

35
Q

Expiratory muscles used with exercise or with airway resistance (asthma)

A

Rectus abdominis, internal & external oblique, transversus abdominis, internal intercostal

36
Q

What happens when the diaphragm contracts/descends?

A

It increases intrathoracic volume & decreases intrathoracic pressure below atm pressure allowing air to enter lungs down its pressure gradient

37
Q

The diaphragm accounts for ______ of tidal volume during normal quiet respiration

A

75%

38
Q

Diaphragm supplied by which nerve?

A

Phrenic (C3-C5)

39
Q

If the tidal volume is 500 ml, how much is an atomic dead space?

A

150 ml (2ml/kg)

40
Q

Factors that increase dead space

A

Pulmonary vascular disease, pulmonary embolism, COPD, ARDS, Pulmonary fibrosis, shock, old age, positive pressure ventilation

41
Q

Factors that decrease dead space

A

Artificial airways (d/t narrow diameter)

42
Q

The volume of air that enters non-perfused or poorly perfused alveoli. Normally 0

A

Alveolar dead space

43
Q

Physiological dead space (VD) =

A

Tidal volume x (PaCO2 - PECO2)/ PaCO2

44
Q

Minute ventilation

A

Sum of all exhaled gas volume in 1 min

Tidal volume x breaths/min = 5L/min

45
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

Volume of inspired gases actually taking part in gas exchange in 1 min
Indicated by PCO2
= (tidal volume - dead space) x breaths/min

46
Q

Normal air pressure in alveoli

A

0 cmH20

47
Q

Air pressure in alveoli _______ in inspiration and _______ in expiration

A

Decreases; increases

48
Q

The major driving force for air flow into the lungs during quiet normal inspiration

A

The air pressure in alveoli

49
Q

Transpulmonary pressure =

A

Alveolar pressure - pleural pressure

50
Q

First breath of neonates generates transpulmonary pressure of?

A

40-80 cmH20

51
Q

During inspiration, pleural pressure goes from ____ to ____ cmH2O

A

-5 to -8

52
Q

Why does forced expiration (COPD) cause airway collapse?

A

The intrapleural pressure becomes more positive compressing the airways (Bernoulli’s law)

53
Q

Shows distensibility of lungs and chest wall

A

Lung compliance

54
Q

Lung compliance is ______ related to elastance, which depends on the amount of elastic tissue; _____ related to stiffness

A

Inversely; inversely

55
Q

Compliance =

A

Change in volume of lung/ change in transpulmonary pressure. 200 ml/cmH20

56
Q

With emphysema the lung-chest wall system will seek a new _____ FRC while with fibrosis it will seek a new ____ FRC

A

Higher; lower

Patho (13 decks)

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