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Patho > CVS 2 > Flashcards

CVS 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Stress volume

A

The blood contained in arteries

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2
Q

Site of highest resistance in CVS

A

Arterioles

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3
Q

Have the largest ‘total’ cross-sectional and surface area

A

Capillaries

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4
Q

Formed from merged capillaries

A

Venules

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5
Q

Unstressed volume

A

The blood contained in veins

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6
Q

Contains the highest proportion of blood in CVS (? %) (reservoir function)

A

Veins; 65%

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7
Q

Percentage of blood that is cells

A

Hematocrit

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8
Q

Velocity is directly proportional to _______ and inversely proportional to _______

A

Blood flow; cross-sectional area

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9
Q

Turbulence is increased by ______ blood viscosity & ______ blood velocity

A

Decreased; increased

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10
Q

Describes the distensibility of the blood vessels

A

Capacitance (compliance)

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11
Q

Capacitance is _______ related to elastance or stiffness

A

Inversely

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12
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

A

R = (8 x viscosity x length) / (radius to the 4th x pie)

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13
Q

-10mmHg venous pressure poses high risk of?

A

VAE in Sagittal sinus

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14
Q

Atrial contraction.

Enlarged in pulmonary HTN

A

A wave

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15
Q

RV contraction (tricuspid valve bulging into atrium)

A

‘C’ wave

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16
Q

Increased atrial pressure d/t filling against closed tricuspid valve. Enlarged in tricuspid regurgitation.

A

‘V’ wave

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17
Q

Atrial relaxation + RV contraction (pulls atrium downward)

A

‘X’ descent

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18
Q

Emptying of right atrium after tricuspid valve opens

A

‘Y’ descent

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19
Q

Large wave not corresponding to a, v, or c wave. D/t complete heart block or junctional arrhythmias

A

Cannon wave

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20
Q

Important in transport of nutrients to tissues.
Site of wast product removal.
Blood flow through capillaries is regulated by contraction & relaxation of arterioles and precapillary sphincters

A

The microcirculation

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21
Q

Solute and water move across capillary wall via ________

A

Intercellular cleft (space b/w cells)

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22
Q

Most important means by which substances are transferred b/w plasma and interstitial fluid is by _______

A

Simple diffusion

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23
Q

Capillaries in the liver and intestines where the clefts are exceptionally wide and allow passage of protein

A

Sinusoids

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24
Q

2 major types of solid structures in interstitium are ______ & _______

A

Collagen fibers & proteoglycan filaments

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25
Q

Produced by endothelial cells & causes relaxation of vascular smooth muscles by cGMP such as nitric oxide

A

Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF)

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26
Q

ACh causes vasodilation by stimulating the production of _____ in vascular smooth muscles. Autoregulation

A

NO

27
Q

Order for autoregulation

A

NO-dependent vasodilators on receptors > Ca > Nitric oxide synthase > L-arginine > NO > gaunylyl cyclase > GTP > cGMP > relaxation

28
Q

What enzyme converts L-arg to NO?

A

Nitric oxide synthase

29
Q

What is precursor of NO?

A

L-arg

30
Q

How does NO act/ cause relaxation?

A

cGMP

31
Q

Ability of a tissue to maintain blood flow relatively constant over a wide range of arterial pressures

A

Autoregulation

32
Q

Factors determining autoregulation in Heart

A

Local metabolites, decreased O2, adenosine, NO

33
Q

Factors determining autoregulation in Brain

A

Local metabolites, changes in CO2 (pH)

34
Q

Factors determining autoregulation in kidneys

A

Myotonic and tubuloglomerular feedback

35
Q

factors determining autoregulation in lungs

A

Hypoxia causes vasoconstriction

36
Q

Factors determining autoregulation of skeletal muscle

A

Local metabolites, lactate, adenosine, K

37
Q

An increase in blood flow to an organ that occurs after a period of occlusion of flow

A

Reactive hyperemia

38
Q

BF to an organ is proportional to its metabolic activity (more blood flow to exercising muscles)

A

Active hyperemia

39
Q

Vascular smooth muscle contracts when it is stretch is explained by ________ hypothesis

A

Myogenic

40
Q

Tissue supply of O2 is matched to tissue demand for O2

A

Metabolic hypothesis

41
Q

Degradation of ATP produces _________, a vasodilator substance that acts directly on vascular smooth muscle to increase intracellular cAMP and induce vasodilation

A

Adenosine

42
Q

Histamine causes _______ dilation and _______ constriction > increased capillary hydrostatic pressure and increased filtration out of the capillaries, resulting in local edema

A

Arteriolar; venous

43
Q

Causes arteriolar constriction; help to prevent blood loss. Implicated in the vascular spasm of migraine headache

A

Serotonin (5HT)

44
Q

Prostacyclin is a _______ and thromboxane A2 is a ________

A

Vasodilator; vasoconstrictor

45
Q

Where is the vasomotor center (VMC) located?

A

Bilaterally in reticular substance of medulla & lower third of pons

46
Q

Hering’s nerve

A

Carotid sinus nerve

47
Q

Responsible for the minute-to-minute regulation of arterial BP

A

Baroreceptor reflex

48
Q

Steps in baroreceptor reflex

A
  1. Decrease in arterial pressure decreases stretch on the walls of the carotid sinus;
  2. Decrease stretch decreases firing rate of carotid sinus nerve (hering’s nerve/ CN IX) which stimulates VMC in brain;
  3. The VMC decreases parasympathetic (vagal) outflow to heart and increases sympathetic outflow
49
Q

Valsalva maneuver MOA

A

Increases intrathoracic pressure which decreases venous return/CO/Pa > increase in HR.
Afterwards, rebound increase in venous return/ CO/ Pa > decrease in HR

50
Q

Where is angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II?

A

Lungs

51
Q

4 effects of Angiotensin II:

A
  1. Stimulates secretion of aldosterone by adrenal cortex (increases Na reabsorption);
  2. Increases Na-H exchange > contraction alkalosis;
  3. Increases thirst;
  4. Causes vasoconstriction of the arterioles
52
Q

How does cerebral ischemia regulate arterial pressure?

A

When brain is ischemic the conc. of CO2 & H in brain tissue increase > chemoreceptor in VMC increases sympathetic flow > vasoconstriction

53
Q

______ receptors respond to decrease in BP & cause release of ADH form _______

A

Atrial; posterior pituitary

54
Q

2 effects of ADH:

A

V1 receptor- potent vasoconstrictor that increases TPR;

V2 receptor- increases water reabsorption by renal distal tubules & collecting ducts

55
Q

ANP & BNP inhibit what?

A

Renin (causing increased excretion of Na & water and causes relaxation of vascular smooth muscle via cGMP)

56
Q

Increase in atrial pressure increases HR.
Stretch of atria sends signals to VMC via vagal afferents to increase HR & contractility.
Prevents damming of blood in veins, atria, & pulm.

A

Bainbridge Reflex

57
Q

_____ supplies the SA and AV node

A

RCA

58
Q

CAD most common;y involves ______

A

LAD

59
Q

Increased BP increased PCWP

A

Increased afterload & O2 consumption > increase depth of anesthesia to dilate & nitro

60
Q

Ischemia with increased HR

A

Increased O2 consumption, decreased coronary BF. > beta blocker

61
Q

Ischemia with decreased BP & decreased or normal PCWP

A

Decrease depth of anesthesia, FLUIDS, Neo

62
Q

Ischemia with decreased BP increased PCWP

A

Heart is failing give inotropes (dopamine), NG (to decrease venous return), Neo (to increase BP and coronary perfusion)

63
Q

Ischemia with normal hemodynamics

A

NG & CCB

Patho (13 decks)

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