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Cellular & Muscle Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

The science that is concerned with the function of the living organism and its parts, and the physical and chemical process involved

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2
Q

Pathophysiology

A

The study of disordered body function (disease). The basis of clinical medicine

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3
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

2/3 of total body water

Major cation is K

Major anion are protein and organic phosphate

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4
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

1/3 total body water

Interstitial fluid and plasma

Major cation Na

Major anion is Cl and HCO3

Plasma is 1/4 of ECF; interstitial fluid is 3/4
Separated by capillary wall

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5
Q

Decreases membrane FLUIDITY and PERMEABILITY (except in plasma membranes).
Increases membrane FLEXIBILITY and STABILITY

A

Cholesterol

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6
Q

“Gate keeper”

Composed of 50% lipid and 50% protein

A

Cell membrane

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7
Q

Integral proteins

A

Span entire membrane

Anchored through hydrophobic interactions w/ phospholipid bilayer

Include ion channels, pores, carriers, G protein, enzymes, hormone receptors

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8
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Not embedded in cell membrane

On both sides, loosely attached to cell membrane by electrostatic interactions

Control transport of substances across cell membrane

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9
Q

Pinocytosis vs phagocytosis

A

Pinocytosis is ingestion off smaller particles (fat soluble vitamins A,D,E, and K)

Phagocytosis is ingestion if larger particles/bacteria

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10
Q

Opsonization

A

Binding of IgG antibody on the surface of bacteria enhancing phagocytosis

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11
Q

Exocytosis

A

Extrusion of cellular contents out

Release of neurotransmitters from the nerve terminals

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12
Q

What is the function of Clathrin?

A

Facilitates the formation of vesicles in pinocytosis

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13
Q

Network of microtubules where proteins are “processed”

Site of intracellular Ca storage

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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14
Q

Factories for protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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15
Q

Secretory functions and final packaging

A

Golgi Apparatus

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16
Q

Digestive system of cell-contain hydrolases

Allow phagocytosis of bacteria

Remove damaged tissues “recycling centers”

A

Lysosomes

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17
Q

Similar to lysosomes. Help in detoxification (alcohol)

A

Peroxisomes

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18
Q

Exocytosis stimulates by Ca++

A

Secretory vesicles

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19
Q

More active cells have more mitochondria like ______ cells

A

Myocardial

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20
Q

Convert food stuff into energy in the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylation

Contain their own DNA

Have electron transport chain

A

Mitochondria

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21
Q

Provide skeleton and rigid support to cell

A

Microtubules

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22
Q

Chediak-Higashi syndrome

A

Defective microtubules; decreased phagocytosis; increased infections

“Bubble baby”

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23
Q

Command and control center of cell

Contain DNA-gene

24
Q

Condensed DNA found in nucleoplasm

25
Accumulation of RNA and forms ribosomes
Nucleoli
26
Tight junctions
Attachment b/w cells (often epithelial) May be “tight” impermeable as DCT (distal convoluted tubules) or “leaky” permeable as PCT (proximal convoluted tubules)
27
Gap junctions “communicating junctions”
Attachments b/w cells that permit intercellular communication Permits current flow & electrical coupling b/w myocardial cells Offers least resistance to flow of ions
28
I’m MI gap junctions close leading to_____
Arrhythmia/ conduction interruption
29
Fatty acid synthesis occurs in ________ while it’s degradation (beta oxidation) occurs in the ________
Cytoplasm; mitochondria
30
Beta oxidation
Degradation and oxidation of fatty acids
31
How many ATP molecules are formed by beta oxidation from one molecule of fatty acids
146
32
Acetyl-CoA
The end product of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
33
ATP uses
50% - transportation of substances across membrane Synthesis of compounds Muscle contraction
34
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
35
Kartagener’s syndrome
Immobile cilia syndrome Due to a dynein arm defect Sinus inversus Sterility in male & female Recurrent sinusitis Brochiectasis
36
DNA polymerase
Proof reads new DNA
37
DNA ligase
Makes repairs
38
Messenger RNA
Carries genetic code from nucleus to cytoplasm Long single stranded molecules containing codons
39
Transfer RNA
Acts as a carrier to transport amino acids to ribosomes
40
Ribosomal RNA
Present in ribosomes [protein factories] and synthesize proteins- translation
41
Never go to G0, divide rapidly with a short G1 Bone marrow, gut epithelium, skin, hair follicles
Labile cells
42
Enter G1 from G0 when stimulated Hepatocytes, lymphocytes
Stable (quiescent) cells
43
Remain in G0, regenerate from stem cells Neurons, skeletal and cardiac muscle, RBCs
Permanent cells
44
Mitosis
Division of cell resulting production of 2 identical daughter cells
45
5 major stages of mitosis
1. Prophase 2. Prometaphase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase
46
Simple (passive) diffusion
Lipid-Soluble molecules move readily across the membrane (rate depends on lipid solubility) Water-soluble molecules cross via channels or pores
47
Na/K ATPase
Keeps intracellular K high and intracellular Na low by moving 3Na out and 2K in using ATP
48
Cystic fibrosis has defective _____ channels
Chloride
49
Malignant hyperthermia has defective _______ channels
Calcium
50
M/A of Anesthetic agents enhances entry of______ channels
Chloride
51
Major anion of intracellular fluid
Protein and organic phosphate
52
Major anions of extracellular fluid
Cl and HCO3
53
Mitochondrial diseases inherited maternally or paternally? Why?
Maternally; only egg has mitochondria, sperm does not
54
What does the carnitine shuttle do?
Transports fatty acids into the mitochondria
55
_______ stimulates Na/K pump, correcting hyperkalemia by moving K into the cells?
Insulin
56
Beta blocker cause _____kalemia; beta agonists cause ______kalemia
Hyperkalemia; hypokalemia

Patho (13 decks)

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