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Patho > CNS 1 > Flashcards

CNS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

31

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2
Q

“Arteries of stroke”

A

Lateral striate arteries; branches of middle cerebral artery; supply internal capsules and motor tracts

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3
Q

Main feeders of the brain

A

Internal carotid & vertebral arteries

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4
Q

Supply medial surface of brain

A

Anterior cerebral artery

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5
Q

supply lateral surface of brain

A

Middle cerebral artery

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6
Q

Supply posterior surface of brain

A

Posterior cerebral artery

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7
Q

What happens if occlusion proximal to anterior communicating artery?

A

No damage b/c contralateral flow

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8
Q

What happens if occlusion distal to anterior communicating artery?

A

Contralateral hemiparesis & hemisensory loss involving leg & foot
Apraxia (difficulty performing tasks)
Inability to identify objects, apathy, & personality changes (frontal & parietal lobes)

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9
Q

Occlusion of middle cerebral artery causes?

A

Contralateral hemiparesis & hemisensory loss involving face & arm

Aphasia (if left hemisphere affected Brocas/Wernickes)

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia (damage to optic radiation)

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10
Q

Occlusion of posterior cerebral artery causes?

A

Acute loss of vision (occipital lobe)

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia w/ macular sparing

Visual agnosia (damage to left occipital lobe)

Impairment of memory (damage to temporal lobe)

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11
Q

Blood supply of spinal cord

A

Anterior spinal artery (75%)

Posterior spinal artery (25%)

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12
Q

Neurons

A

Excitable cells that transmit electrical signals

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13
Q

Supporting cells

A

Cells that surround & wrap neurons; called neuralgia or glial cells

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14
Q

Most abundant, versatile, & highly branched-shape like star, glial cells

Cling to neurons/synaptic endings & cover capillaries (BBB)

A

Astrocytes

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15
Q

Small, ovoid cells with spiny processes

Macrophages (Pac-Man) of CNS

Phagocytes that monitor the health of neurons

A

Microglia

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16
Q

Range in shape from squamous to columnar

Line central cavities of brain & spinal column

Secrete CSF along with choroid plexus

Have cilia which help circulation of CSF

A

Ependymal cells

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17
Q

Branched cells that wrap CNS nerve fibers

Form myelin sheath which wrap around axon

A

Oligodendrocytes

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18
Q

Form myelin sheath in PNS

A

Schwann cells

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19
Q

Surround neuron cell bodies with ganglia

A

Satellite cells

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20
Q

Form the BBB

A

Exceptionally tight junctions b/w brain capillary endothelial cells

Basement membrane

Astrocyte processes

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21
Q

Infarction destroys BBB leading to?

A

Vasogenic edema (extracellular accumulation of fluid)

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22
Q

Node of ranvier

A

Gaps in myelin sheath

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23
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Node to node jumping of depolarization

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24
Q

Type of neurons in the eyes, ears, & nose

A

Bipolar

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25
Q

Neuron never found in humans

A

Unipolar

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26
Q

Neuron present in dorsal root ganglia

A

Pseudounipolar neuron

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27
Q

Most common type of neuron in the brain & spinal cord

A

Multipolar

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28
Q

Immune-mediated inflammatory selective demyelination of CNS

A

Multiple sclerosis

29
Q

Hypocalcemia ______ NT release; Hypercalcemia _____ NT release

A

Decreases; increases

30
Q

Hypomagnesemia _____ NT release; Hypermagnesemia ____ NT release

A

Increases; decreases; antagonistic actions against Ca

31
Q

Blocks release of ACh from presynaptic terminals

Total blockade, flaccid paralysis (“floppy baby”)

A

Botulinum toxin

32
Q

Competes w/ ACh for receptor on Motor end plate

Decrease EPP; paralysis of resp. muscles & death

A

Curare

33
Q

Inhibits AChE

Prolongs and enhances action of ACh at muscle end plate

A

Neostigmine

34
Q

Blocks re-uptake of choline into presynaptic terminal

Depletes ACh stores from presynaptic terminals

A

Hemicholinium

35
Q

Antibodies block Ca channels

No release of ACh

A

Aminoglycosides & Lambort Eaton syndrome

36
Q

Excessive release of ACh

Conclusion

A

Black widow spider

37
Q

What happens with myasthenia gravis?

A

Antibodies reduce # of ACh receptors= ACh cannot attach so no muscle contraction

38
Q

Symptoms of myasthenia gravis

A

Double vision
Difficulty swallowing & speaking
Skeletal muscle weakness & fatigue

39
Q

Tx of myasthenia gravis

A

AChE inhibitors (Endrophonium, Physostigmine) prevent degradation of ACh & prolongs the action of ACh at the muscle end plate

Thmectomy if thymus gland source of antibodies

40
Q

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic disease

A

Antibodies against Ca channels reduces release of ACh

41
Q

Why does repetitive nerve stimulation demonstrate an increase in the motor AP with lambert-Eaton vs the decrease in response in pt with true myasthenia gravis?

A

Nerve stimulation causes release of ACh

42
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)

A

Depolarize postsynaptic cell

Opening of Na channels

Includes: ACh, NorEpi, Epi, Dopamine, Glutamate, & serotonin

43
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP)

A

Hyperpolarize postsynaptic cell

Opening of K or Cl channels

Include: y amino butyric acid (GABA) & glycine

44
Q

Occurs if several nerve terminals fire at approximately same time

A

Spatial summation

45
Q

Occurs if another action potential invades the nerve terminal before the first one has disappeared. Produces “staircase effect”

A

Temporal summation

46
Q

Occurs after tetanic stimulation

Due to accumulation of Ca

A

Facilitation, augmentation & post-tetanic potentiation

47
Q

Fade of neurotransmitter activity

A

Tyrosine

L-dopa

Dopamine

NorEpi

Epi

48
Q

Substantia nigra

A

Dopamine

49
Q

Gigantocellular neurons of reticular formation

A

ACh

50
Q

Locus ceruleus

A

NorEpi

51
Q

Nuclei of the raphe

A

Serotonin

52
Q

In pheochromocytoma, urinary excretion of what is increased?

A

Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) (metabolite of NorEpi)

53
Q

Inhibits prolactin secretion

A

Dopamine

54
Q

Most common excitatory NT

Also excites the cell to death in stroke

A

Glutamate “go glutamate go”

55
Q

Formed from histidine

Increases acid secretion in stomach

Released by mast cells

A

Histamine

56
Q

GABA

A

Inhibitory NT in spinal cord, basal ganglia, cerebellum, & cerebral cortex

GABA(A) receptors increases Cl conductance
GABA(B) receptors increase K conductance

57
Q

Inhibitory NT mainly in spinal cord

Increases Cl conductance

Tetanus toxin blocks

A

Glycine

58
Q

Short acting inhibitory NT in GIT, blood vessels & CNS

Action enhanced by sildenafil

Acts via cGMP

A

Nitric oxide (NO)

59
Q

Natural opiates

Dynorphin, enkephalins

Inhibit release of substance P

A

Endorphins

60
Q

Very inhibitory hormone

Anti growth hormone effect

A

Somatostatin

61
Q

High in anxiety low in depression

A

NorEpi

62
Q

High in schizophrenia, low in Parkinson’s

A

Dopamine

63
Q

Low in anxiety and depression

A

Serotonin

64
Q

Low in Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, REM sleep

A

ACh

65
Q

Low in anxiety, Huntington’s

A

GABA

66
Q

Effect of acidosis

A

Depresses neuronal activity

pH change from 7.4 to 7.0 usually will induce coma

67
Q

Effect of alkalosis

A

Increases neuronal excitability

pH change form 7.4-8.0 usually will induce seizures

68
Q

Effect of hypoxia

A

Brain highly dependent on O2

Interruption of brain blood flow for 3-7 sec can lead to unconsciousness

69
Q

NMDA receptor antagonist

A

Nitrous Oxide

Patho (13 decks)

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