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Patho > CNS 2 > Flashcards

CNS 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

Joint receptors

Stretch receptors in muscle

Hair cells in auditory & vestibular system

A

Mechanoreceptors

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2
Q

Rods and cones of retina

A

Photoreceptor

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3
Q

Olfactory receptors

Taste receptors

Osmoreceptors

Carotid body O2 receptors

A

Chemoreceptors

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4
Q

Extreme of temperature and pain

A

Nocireceptors

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5
Q

Onion-like structure in subq area

Sensation: vibration & tapping

Adaption: rapidly

A

Pacinian corpuscle

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6
Q

Present in non-hairy skin

Sensation: velocity

Adaption: rapidly

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

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7
Q

Encapsulated

Sensation: pressure

Adaptation: slowly

A

Ruffini’s corpuscle

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8
Q

Transducer is on epithelial cells

Sensation: location

Adaptation: slowly

A

Merkel’s disk

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9
Q

Most sensitive nerve fiber to LA

Fast pain, temp, touch, & pressure

A

A-delta (III)

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10
Q

Nerve fiber resistant to LA

Slow pain and temp (unmyelinated)

A

C (IV)

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11
Q

2 pathways of sensory information

A

Dorsal (posterior) column tract

Anterolateral tract
. Lateral spinothalamic tract
. Ventral (anterior) spinothalamic tract

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12
Q

Dorsal column system responsible for?

A

Fine touch (2 point), pressure, proprioception, tactile localization, & vibration

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13
Q

Anterolateral system responsible for?

A

Pain, temperature, light touch (feather), tickling & sexual sensations

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14
Q

_____ crosses the midline in the brain stem while the _____ crosses the midline in the spinal cord

A

Dorsal column tract; anterolateral system

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15
Q

He major somatosensory areas of the cerebral cortex are?

A

S1 & S2

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16
Q

The “map” of the body is called?

A

Sensory homunculus

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17
Q

The largest area of somatosensory cortex (sensory homunculus) represent the ______, where ______ is most important

A

Lips, face, hands, and fingers; precise localization

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18
Q

Loss of somatic sensory area 1 results in:

A

1) loss of discrete localization ability
2) inability to judge the degree of pressure
3) inability to determine the weight of an object
4) inability to determine the shape or form of objects (astereognosis)
5) inability to judge texture

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19
Q

2 functional brain systems:

A

Limbic system

Reticular formation

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20
Q

Structures located on medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres & diencephalon (rhinencephalon, amygdala, hypothalamus, & anterior nucleus of thalamus)

Important in emotions

Puts emotional response to odors

Responsible for F activities- feeding, fleeing, fighting, feeling, & sex

A

Limbic system

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21
Q

Deals with anger, danger, and fear responses

A

Amygdala

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22
Q

Plays a role in expressing emotions via gestures, and resolves mental conflict

A

Cingulate gyrus

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23
Q

Indirect route for sensory information reaching to sensory strip

Maintains alert/awake state

OFF when sleeping

Complete loss of this activity is coma

A

Reticular activating system (RAS)

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24
Q

General anesthetics produce sedation and hypnosis by depressing _____

A

RAS

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25
Q

Ability to discriminate tactile sensation

Important role in perception of pain & temp

Information form diff. parts of body is arranged somatotopically

Destruction of these nuclei result in loss of sensation on contralateral side of body

A

Thalamus

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26
Q

What does the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus do?

A

Oxytocin release
Water conservation
Satiety

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27
Q

What does the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus do?

A

Vasopressin release

28
Q

If the right lateral spinothalamic tract is severed at C3, what sensations are lost where?

A

Pain and temperature on left side

29
Q

What sensations are blocked in the lateral column by epidural or spinal anesthesia?

A

Pain and temperature

30
Q

Lamina __ & __ is substantia gelatinosa

A

II, III

31
Q 
Free (naked) nerve endings
Myelinated
Diameter= 1-4 mc m
Fast/sharp pain (stinging, pricking); 6-30 m/sec
Well localize, can point to pain
A

A-delta fibers

32
Q 
Free (naked) nerve endings
Unmyelinated
Diameter= 0.4-1.2 mc m
Transmit slow/chronic pain; 0.5-2m/sec
Diffuse, burning, aching, throbbing sensation
A

C fibers

33
Q

Where do cell bodies of A-delta and C fibers lie?

A

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG)

34
Q

Fibers ascend or descend 1-3 segments in?

A

Track of Lissauer

35
Q

A-delta fibers terminate in laminate __ & __ of dorsal horn & cross to the contralateral lateral spinothalamic tract and ascend to brain

A

I, V

36
Q

C fibers terminate in laminate __ & __

A

II, III (substantia gelatinosa)

37
Q

For A-delta fibers, the NT is _____ which binds to AMPA and NMDA receptors on postsynaptic membrane

A

Glutamate

38
Q

For C fibers, the NT is _____ which binds to NK-1 receptor on postsynaptic membrane

A

Substance P

39
Q

Slow onset and long duration analgesia

No early depression of ventilation bc uptake by systemic circulation is minimal

Late (6-12hrs) depression of ventilation occurs due to rostral (towards head) spread of morphine in CSF

A

Intrathecal (spinal) placement of hydrophilic opioid

40
Q

Slow onset and long duration of analgesia

Early depression of ventilation (w/in 2 hrs) due to increased uptake by systemic circulation (rapid transportation)

Late depression of ventilation occur due to rostral spread in CSF

A

Epidural placement of Hydrophilic opioid

41
Q

Rapid diffusion out of CSF

Rapid onset and short duration of analgesia

Early depression (w/in 2 hrs) of ventilation d/t significant uptake by systemic circulation

D/t rapid diffusion out of CSF, little left in CSF for rostral spread so late depression of ventilation does NOT occur

A

Intrathecal and Epidural placement of lipophilic opioids

42
Q

Effects of mu-1 receptors

A 
Supraspinal & spinal analgesia
Euphoria
Low abuse potential
Meiosis (PPP)
Bradycardia
Hypothermia
Urinary retention-C/I in BPH
Pruritus
43
Q

Effects of Mu-2 receptors

A

Spinal analgesia
Respiratory depression (decreased sensitivity of resp. center to CO2)
Addiction
Constipation (marked) decreased motility & tone of GI muscles
Increased CSF pressure (cerebral edema) C/I in head injury

44
Q

Effects of kappa receptors

A

Supraspinal & spinal analgesia
Dysphasia, sedation
Low abuse potential
Diuresis

45
Q

Effects of delta receptors

A

Supraspinal & spinal analgesia
Respiratory depression
Physical dependence
Constipation (minimal)

46
Q

Pain do to stimulus that does not normally provoke pain

A

Allodynia

47
Q

Increased sensitivity to pain

A

Hyperalgesia

48
Q

Destruction of thalamic nuclei

A

Thalmic syndrome

49
Q

Severe facial pain

CN V & IX

A

Tic Douloureux (trigeminal neuralgia)

50
Q

Light focuses behind the retina & is corrected w/ a convex lens

A

Hypertropia- farsighted

51
Q

Light focuses in front of retina & corrected w/ biconcave lens

A

Myopia-nearsighted

52
Q

What deficiency causes night blindness?

A

Vitamin A

53
Q

Cutting the optic nerve causes?

A

Blindness in ipsilateral eye

54
Q

Cutting the optic chiasm causes?

A

Heteronymous bitemporal hemianopia (tunnel vision in pituitary adenoma)

55
Q

Cutting the optic tract causes?

A

Homonymous contralateral hemianopia

56
Q

Cutting the geniculocalcarine tract causes?

A

Homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing

57
Q

Auditory ossicles

A

Malleus, incus, & stapes

58
Q

Membrane b/w middle ear and inner ear

A

Oval window

59
Q

The scala vestibuli & scala tympani contain ______ & have a high __

A

Perilymph; Na

60
Q

The scala media contains _____ & has high ___

A

Endolymph; K

61
Q

The base of basilar membrane responds best to which frequencies?

A

High

62
Q

The apex of basilar membrane responds best to which frequencies?

A

Low

63
Q

Defects in external or middle ear
Defects in transmission of sound to inner ear d/t was, foreign body, destruction of auditory ossicals, thickening of ear drum d/t repeated ear infection
Bone conductance > Air conductance

A

Conductive deafness

64
Q

Defects in inner ear or vestibulocochlear nerve
Both bone & air conductance are reduced
Adverse effect of aminoglycosides

A

Nerve deafness

65
Q

Receptor for pain

A

Free nerve endings in the skin, muscle, & viscera

Patho (13 decks)

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