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Geography > Resources > Flashcards

Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

What are resources?

A

A stock or supply of something that has a value or purpose

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2
Q

What is malnourishment?

A

Malnutrition is a condition that results from eating a diet in which nutrients are either not enough or are too much such that the diet causes health problems

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3
Q

What is undernourishment?

A

having insufficient food or other substances for good health and condition.

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4
Q

What effects does a poor diet have on people?

A

They may not perform as well in school meaning they will lack skills needed to help a countrys economic growth as well as harming their personal economic well being and health

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5
Q

How are resources in general distributed across the world?

A

Unevenly as many HIC’s have plentiful supplies and enjoy a high standard of living whilr countries in the Sub-saharan africa lack resources and struggle to progress or improve their quality of life

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6
Q

What are global inequalities in the supply and comsumption of food?

A

World health organisation (WHO) suggest we need 2000-2400 calories per day to be healthy, average for UK is 3,200 per person while over 1 billion people in the world fall below this level eg Somalia where its 1,580

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7
Q

What are global inequalities in the supply and comsumption of water?

A

Its limited and unequally distributed due to variations of climate and rainfall.
- many of the world poorer countries eg Africa have a shortage of water and the UN estimates that by 2050 there will be 50 countries facing water scarcity

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8
Q

What is the water footprint? What the global average

A

Can be calculated to compare consumption, this is the amount of water used throughout the day
- global average is 1,240 litres per person

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9
Q

What are global inequalities in the supply and comsumption of energy?

A

The richest one billion people in the world consume 50% of thr worlds energy.
- but NEE’s will become more industrialised and will increase the demand for energy

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10
Q

Why does the environment agency think that the demand for water in the UK will rise by 5% in 2020?

A

1) . The growing population
2) . More houses being built
3) . An increase in the use of water-intensive domestic appliances

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11
Q

How far does the UK’s water supply meet demand?

A
  • north and west of UK has a water surplus where supply exceeds demand due to high rainfall, and plenty potential reservoir sites
  • south and east of UK has a water defecit where demand exceeds supply due to it being densly populated and lowest annual rainfall
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12
Q

What is water stress?

A

Where demand exceeds supply and is experienced in more than half of England

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13
Q

How can we manage water supplies?

A
  • use of domestic water meters
  • increasing use of recycled water
  • more efficient domestic appliances
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14
Q

How does poverty affect water availability?

A

Many poorer communities lack mains water supply or only have access to shared water supplies

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15
Q

How does pollution affect water availability?

A

Increasing amounts of waste and growing use of chemicals in farming have led to higher levels of pollution. In some LIC’s and NEE’s water sources are often used as open sewers leading to waterborne diseases

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16
Q

How does limited infrastructure affect water availability?

A

Poorer countries may lack the infrastructure for transporting water to areas of need eg pumping stations and pipes

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17
Q

How does geology affect water availability?

A

Infiltration of water through permeable rock builds up important groundwater supplies

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18
Q

How does over-abstraction affect water availability?

A

Pumping water out of the ground faster than is replaces by rainfall, can cause wells to dry up, sinking water tables & higher costs. Lower water tables means that rivers are not fed by springs in the dry season

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19
Q

How does climate affect water availability?

A

Regions with high rainfall usually have a water surplus, those with drier climates have less water available

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20
Q

What is water insecurity?

A

When water availability is insufficient to ensure the good health and livelihood of a population, due to short supply or poor quality

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21
Q

What is water security?

A

Availability of reliable source of acceptable quantity and quality of water

22
Q

Why is water security imporant for improving quality of life?

A
  • reduces poverty
  • helps to improve education
  • increases living standard
23
Q

What is water consumption increasing?

A
  • changes in lifestyle and eating habits

- as urbanisation increases more water is needed for drinking, sanitation and drainage

24
Q

What does factors water stress include?

A
  • water scarcity
  • water quality
  • accessibility of water
  • environmental factors
25
Q

What are the social impacts of water insecurity?

A
  • over one billion litres of raw sewage enters the rivers from cities etc in India
  • contamintaed drinking water can cause outbreaks of waterborne disease
  • people may have to stop bathing in rivers which could affect their lifestyle ad it may be part of their routine eg religious reasons
  • in some countries, girls have to fetch water which stops them going to school to get an education which limits their chances in life
26
Q

What are economic impacts of water insecurity?

A
  • people may have to queue or travel long distances to collect water from wells which stops them from doing other tasks
  • there may be no fish due to polluted water which could stop someone from eating and effect someones livelihood if they sold them
27
Q

What is water conflict?

A

Where water sources flow through more than one country which can lead to conflict if a country decided to build a resevoir or divert water flow

28
Q

What is grey water?

A

Recycled domesfic waste water that can be taken from bathroom sinks, baths, showers and washing machines
- towards a sustainable future

29
Q

Why is grey water not of common re-use?

A
  • Its expensive as it costs a lot to install and maintain

- the quality of water can deteriorate if its left too long in a storage tank as bacteria levels can rise

30
Q

What is black water?

A

Water from toilets and cannot be used in the same way

Towards a sustainable future

31
Q

What is water recyling?

A

Involves re-using treated domestic or industrial wastewater

Towards a sustainable future

32
Q

What can recycled water be used for?

A
  • irrigate crops
  • to meet industrial needs
  • for drinking
  • top up rivers when stream flow is low
  • to recharge groundwater aquifers
33
Q

How can water supplies be diverted and increased jn storage?

A

Supplies can be artificially diverted and stored for longer periods of time

  • some parts of the world, surface water evaporates rapidly and is lost so water can be stored in deep reservoirs or in aquifers underground (permeable rock)
  • Strategy to increase water supply
34
Q

What are dams and reservoirs?

A

Dams control water flow in rivers by storing water in reservoirs. ->
- Strategy to increase water supply

35
Q

What are the advantages of dams and reservoirs?

A
  • rainfall can be collected and stored when it is plentiful and released gradually during drier periods
  • the control water flow enables it to be transported & used for irrigation which helps prevent flooding
36
Q

What are the disadvantages of dams and reservoirs?

A
  • large dams are expensive to construct and maintian
  • can lead to the displacement of many people and reduce the flow of water downstream
  • reservoirs with a large surface area can lose a lot of water through evaporating
37
Q

What is desalination?

A

Involves removing salt from seawater to produce fresh water, its only used where there is a serious shortage of water
- strategy to increase water supplies

38
Q

What are the issues of desalination?

A
  • environmental impacts om ecosystms when salt is dumped back into sea
  • vast amount if energy required which adds to carbon emissions
  • high cost of transporting the desalinated water to inland areas
39
Q

What are water transfer schemes?

A

They aim to redistribute water from areas of water surplus to areas of water defecit
- strategy to increase water supply

40
Q

Where is lesotho?

A

Its a highland country in southern africa that has few resources, high levels of poverty and is unable to feed its growing population

41
Q

What is the lesotho highland water project?

A

A huge water transfer scheme aimed to help solve the water shortage, scheme involves the construction of dams, reservoirs and pipelines

42
Q

What are the main features of the lesotho highland water project?

A
  • katse and mohale dams store water that transfer water through a tunnel
  • polihali dam will hold 2.2billion m cubed of water with a 38km transfer tunnel
  • water will be transferred to south africa via a 32km tunnel enabling HEP to be produced at the muela point
43
Q

What are the advantages for lesotho from the project?

A
  • income from scheme helps development and improve standard of living
  • provides 75% of its GDP
44
Q

What are the advantages for south africa from the project?

A
  • provides water to an area with an uneven rainfall pattern and regular droughts
  • provides safe water for the 10% of the population who had no access to a water supply
45
Q

What are the disadvantages for lesotho from the project?

A
  • building if first two dams meant 30,000 people had to move on from their land
  • corruption has prevented money and investment reaching those affected by the construction
46
Q

What are the disadvantages for south africa from the project?

A
  • 40% of water is lost through leakages

- increased water tariffs to pay for the scheme are too high for the poorest people

47
Q

Where is Rajasthan?

A

A region in north west India, its the driest and poorest part of india

48
Q

What are issues with water supply in rajasthan?

A
  • over use of water for irrigation has lead to waterlogging and salinisation
  • little surface water, as rain quickly soaks away or evaporates
49
Q

What does the Wakel river basin project do?

A
  • located in south of rajasthan, this NGO has been funded and have been working alongside local people in the wakel river basin to improve thier water security and overcome problems of water shortages
50
Q

What are the aims of the wakel river basin project?

A
  • increase water supply and storage using appropriate local solutions
  • raise awareness in local communities of the need for effective water management
51
Q

What is involved in the wakel river basin project?

A

Project has encourged the use of rainwater harvesting techniques to collect and store water

  • taankas collect surface water from roots
  • johed are small earth dams to capture rainwater and raise water tables
  • pats are irrigation channels that transfer water to the field
52
Q

How does the pat system work?

A

A small dam called a bund diverts water from the stream towards the field which allows farmers to irrigate their fields
- villagers take turns to irrigate their fields, however irrigation channels need regular maintenance which is done by the villager whose turn it is to recieve the water

Geography (10 decks)

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