Glaciation - Physical

Question 1

What is abrasion?

Answer 1

Where bits of rock stuck in the ice grind against the rock below the glacier, wearing it away. (Sandpaper effect)

Question 2

What is plucking?

Answer 2

When meltwater at the base, back or sides of a glacier freezes onto the rock. As the glacier moves forward it pulls pieces of rock out

Question 3

What is freeze thaw weathering?

Answer 3

1) . Where water gets into cracks of rock
2) . The water freezes and expands, putting pressure on the rock.
3) . The ice thaws, releasing the pressure. If the process is repeated it can make bits of rock fall off

Question 4

What are the characteristics and processes of glacial movement?

Answer 4

1) . Glacier ice forms snow that has been compressed, into granules of ice
2) . As weight of the ice accumulates, gravity causes it to flow over and down the mountains
3) . The surface of the glacier cracks as the glacier move over the uneven valley floor
4) . Glacier slides over the underlying rock in a process called basal flow. The ice changes the way it moves in response to the changes in the gradient of the slope; this is internal deformation.
5) . As glacier moves down, the sides and valley floor are eroded by plucking and abrasion. As a result, a big amount of eroded material are left on the floor, this is callard ground moraine
6) . In lowland areas, the climate is warmer. As ice flows it begins to melt
7) . Then end point of the glacier is called the snout. Large amounts of meltwater pour off the snout and can carry debris beyond here

Question 5

What is an Arête?

Answer 5

Narrow, steep sides ridges formed when glaciers flow in parallel valleys. The glaciers erode the sides of the valley, which sharpens the ridge between them giving it a jagged profile

Question 6

What is a pyramidal peak?

Answer 6

A pointed mountain peak with at least three sides. Its formed when three or more back to back glaciers erode a mountain

Question 7

What are truncated spurs?

Answer 7

Cliff like edges on the valley side formed when ridges of land (spurs) are cut off as the glacier moves past

Question 8

What are hanging valleys?

Answer 8

Valleys formed by tributary glaciers that flow into the main glacier. The glacial trough eroded much more deeply by the large glaciers, so when the glacier melts the valleys are left a higher level.

Question 9

What are glacial troughs?

Answer 9

Steep sided valleys with flat bottems. They start off as a v-shaped river but change to a u-shape as the glacier erodes the sides and bottom with processes including abrasion making it wider and deeper.

Question 10

What are ribbon lakes?

Answer 10

Long, thin lakes that form after a glacier retreats. They form in hollows where softer rock was eroded more that the surrounding harder rock

Question 11

What are corries?

Answer 11

Begin as hollows containing a small glacier. As ice moves by rotational slip, it erodes the hollow into a steep sided shape with a lip at the bottem end. (When ice melts it can leave a small circular lake called a tarn)

Question 12

What is transportation?

Answer 12

When glaciers move material over very large distances.

Question 13

What is bulldozing?

Answer 13

When material is frozen in the glacier, on the surface or pushed in front of it; basically when ice pushes loose material ahead of the glacier

Question 14

What is till?

Answer 14

as a glacier slowly retreats it leaves behind a bed broken rock fragments called till

Question 15

What is deposition?

Answer 15

When the ice carrying the material melts, the material is deposited on the valley floor; mostly occurs at the snout

Question 16

What are most glacial deposits not?

Answer 16

Not sorted by size and weight

Question 17

What is outwash?

Answer 17

Very fine material such as sand and gravel can get washed away by small meltwater streams;
- the sediment is well sorted with bigger rocks being depositied closer to the ice and finer material carried many KM’s away.

Question 18

What is moraine?

Answer 18

Landforms made out of till dropped by the glacier as it melts

Question 19

What is lateral moraine?

Answer 19

Forms at the edge of the glacier. It is mostly scree material that has fallen off the valley sides due to freeze-thaw weathering. When ice melts the moraine forms a low ridge on the valley side

Question 20

What is medial moraine?

Answer 20

When a tributary glacier joins the main glacier, two lateral moraines will merge to produce a single line of sediment that runs down the centre of the main glacier.
- On melting, the medial moraine forms a ridge down the centre of the valley

Question 21

What is terminal moraine?

Answer 21

Huge amounts of material pile up at the snout of the glacier to form a high ridge. This represents the furthest extent of the glacier’s advance.
- As the ice melts & retreats up the valley, these festures are eroded from the valley floor and depositied as semicircular mounds as ice retreats

Question 22

What is ground moraine?

Answer 22

The eroded material dragged underneath the glacier and left behind when the ice melts, often forms uneven hilly ground

Question 23

What are drumlins?

Answer 23

Smooth egg shaped hills that are found in clusters on the floor of a glacial trough

Question 24

How are drumlins formed?

Answer 24

They’re made of moraine that has been streamlined and shaped by the moving ice, they usually have blunt end which faces up valley and a more pointed end facing down valley. This indicates the direction of movement of a glacier

Question 25

What are erratics?

Answer 25

An erratic is a large boulder that is out of place, resting on a different type of rock. Mostly large erratics were probably transported on or im glaciers

Question 26

What opportunities do upland areas provide for farming?

Answer 26

Soils are thin and acidic due to glaciers scouring away vegetation and soil, the area is ideal for grazing animals like sheep

Question 27

What opportunities do lowland areas provide for farming?

Answer 27

the lowland areas may be covered by a thick layer of till, which with a sunnier climate is a well suited environment for intensive arable farming

Question 28

What opportunities do upland areas provide for forestry?

Answer 28

They are well suited for forestry. Large plantations of conifer trees have been planted in the UK, they are well adapted to cope woth acidic soils.
- Conifers can produce soft wood which can be used in the timber in the construction industry or making paper

Question 29

What opportunities do upland areas provide for quarrying?

Answer 29

Made of hard, resistant rock; this can be quarried & crushed to provide stone used in the contruction industry and building roads.
- Limestone makes up much of the pennine hills, used for chemical industry or making cement

Question 30

What opportunities do lowland areas provide for quarrying?

Answer 30

Glacial deposits of sand& gravel are valuable in the construction industry

Question 31

What opportunities do upland areas provide for tourism?

Answer 31

Provides employment for 1000’s of people and glacial scenery attracts tourists who enjoy outdoor activities & cultural heritage

Question 32

Where is the Lake District?

Answer 32

North west cumbria in England. Became a national park in 1951. It is famous for its mountains, hills and lakes

Question 33

What physical attractions are there in the Lake District?

Answer 33

1) . Lakes like windermere offer water sports cruises and fishing
2) . Mountain landscapes with peaks like Helvellyn are popular for walking & mountain biking
3) . Adventure activities include abseiling and rock scrambling

Question 34

What cultural/historical attractions are there in the Lake District?

Answer 34

1) . Landscape inspired writers & poets eg william wordsworth
2) . Beatrix potter author of peter rabbit lived close to lake windermere; her home is now a national trust attraction
3) . Scenic towns and villages eg grasmere are popular

Question 35

What are the social impacts of tourism?

Answer 35

1) . In 2014, 14.8 million tourists visited, this supports shops, hotels and restaurants
2) . Jobs in tourism are mostly seasonal, poorly paid and unrealiable

Question 36

What are the economic impacts of tourism?

Answer 36

1) . New businesses like adventure tourism provides jobs

2) . Traffic congestion slows down business communications

Question 37

What are the environmental impacts of tourism?

Answer 37

1) . Honeypot sites and footpaths show signs of overcrowding eg footpath erosion & litter
2) . Pollution from vehicles & ships can damage ecosystems

Question 38

How is traffic congestion in tourism managed?

Answer 38

• Several dual carriageways built to improve access
• Park and ride schemes have been expanded for tourists
• Traffic calming measures eg speed bumps are used in villages

Question 39

How is footpath erosion managed in tourism?

Answer 39

• Projects such as ‘upland path landscape restoration’ have repaired and resurfaced paths with local stone
• ‘Fix the fells’ repair mountain paths with methods like stone pitching which create a hard wearing surface

Question 40

what are the problems with quarrying, tourism, and water storage?

Answer 40

1. Quarrying - can lead to pollution of land and rivers and spoil the themselves
2. Tourism - can cause conflict with local landowners over access to land. local people may be affected by traffic congestion and rising house prices
3. water storage - building reservoirs can conflict with environmental interests and require the flooding of farmland