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Changing Economic World Flashcards

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1
Q

What is development?

A

The progress of a country in terms of economic growth, the use of technology and humand welfare

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2
Q

What are factors that affect a country’s speed and level of development?

A

1) environmental factors like natural hazards
2) economic factors like trade and debt
3) social factors like access to safe water and education
4) political factors like stable government or civil war

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3
Q

What is economic development?

A

A measure of countrys wealth and how it is generated

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4
Q

What are the three levels of economic development?

A

1) . LIC (low income country) - a country with a GNI per capita lower than $1045
2) . NEE ( newly emerging economy) - countries that have begun to experience high rates lf economic development, usually along with rapid industrialisation
3) . HIC (high income country) - a country with a GNI per capita higher than $12746

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5
Q

What is human development?

A

Measures the access the population had to wealth, jobs, education, nutrition, health, leisure and safety as well as political and cultural freedom

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6
Q

What two levels are there of human development?

A

1) . Standard of living describres material elements, such as wealth and nutrition
2) . Quality of life refers to health and leisure

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7
Q

What is gross national income (GNI)? What are the limitations?

A

The total value of goods and sevices produced by a country, plus money earned, and paid to, other countries. It is expressed as per head (capita) of the population.
- some countries may seem to have a high GNI as they’re relatively wealthy, and have a small population. But this doesn’t always mean that their citizens enjoy a good quality of life. Equally, some people in LICs enjoy a high standard of living

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8
Q

What is human development index (HDI)? What are the limitations?

A
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9
Q

What is quality of life? What are the limitations?

A

Uses both social and economic measures to measure standard of living for whole countries.
- a good quality of life means different things to different countrys, so its hard to compare effectively

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10
Q

What is birth rate?

A

Number of birthd a year per 1000 of the population, it is a reliable measure

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11
Q

What is death rate?

A

Number of deaths a year per 1000 of the population, a less reliable measure

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12
Q

What is infant mortaility rate?

A

Number of babies that die under the age of one years old, per 1000 live births, its a useful measure of a country’s health care system

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13
Q

What is number of doctors?

A

Number of doctors per 1000 indicates how much money a country has for medical services

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14
Q

What is literacy rate?

A

Percentage of people in a country who have basic reading and writing skills; a high rate shows a country has modern infrastructure such as dams, reservoirs and water treatment plants

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15
Q

What are the limitations of economic and social measures?

A

1) . Data could be out of date
2) . Data may be unreliable
3) . They focus on certain aspects of development, and may not take into account subsistence or informal economies, which are important to some countries
4) . Government corruption may lead to unreliable data

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16
Q

What is the demographic transition model (DTM)?

A

Shows the change over time in the population of a country, it studies how birth rate and death rate affect the total population of a country

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17
Q

What is the natural change? Natural increase? And natural decrease?

A

1) . Natural change - the gap between the birth rate and the death rate
2) . Natural increase - occurs when birth rate exceeds death rate
3) . Natural decrease - occurs when death rate exceeds birth rate

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18
Q

What is stage 1 of the DTM?

A

Its high fluctuating and in traditional rainforest tribes
- in parts of indonesia, brazil and malaysia, small groups of people live separately and with little contact with the outside world. They have high birth and death rates and fluctuates because of famine, war and disease

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19
Q

What is stage 2 of the DTM?

A

Its early expanding in afghanistan
- one of the poorest and least developed countries, its birth rate is high and death rate decreases. About 80% are farmers who need children to support them in the fields and tending livestock

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20
Q

What is stage 3 of the DTM?

A

Its late expanding and in Nigeria
- its a NEE experiencing economic growth. The death rate decreases slowly and birht rate drops rapidly, the population is also growing

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21
Q

What is stage 4 of the DTM?

A

Its low fluctuating and in USA
- one of the most developed countries in the world. It has a low birth rate due to women having smaller families and a low death rate due to good healthcare

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22
Q

What is stage 5 of the DTM?

A

Its a natural decarease and in germany
- experiencing population decline as death rate exceeds birth rate due to ageing population and women having smaller families

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23
Q

What are the physical causes of uneven development?

A

1) . Countries are landlocked ie bordered by land, with no access so sea, a country is cut off from seaborne trade which is important
2) . Tropical countries eg africa & S.america have more climate related diseases and pests, which affects populations ability to stay healthy to work
3) . An extreme weather season can slow development and can be costly to repair damaged infrastructure
4) . Lacknof inadequate supplies of safe water is a barrier to economic development

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24
Q

What are the economic causes of uneven development?

A

1) . Poverty causes poverty, low life expectancy, frequent illnesses and lack of nutrients makes development hard to achieve
2) . Richer countries want to pay as little as possible for raw materials which come from LICs, often more supply than demand which keeps prices low. Processing, takes place in richer countries which leaves them richer and poorer countries poorer
3) . Manufactured products make 80% of exports in NEEs, some countries have trade surpluses while others have defecits which leads to a ‘debt trap’ making development difficult

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25
Q

What are the historical causes of uneven development?

A

1) . Many richer countries have a history or industrial and economic development
2) . Political instability from 1400s to now has held back development as it resulted in civil wars and police struggles where money had been spent of armaments and some governments have been corrupt

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26
Q

What are the disparities in health? LICS

A
  • 4 in every 10 deaths are children under 15 yrs
  • complications in childbirth Are one of the main causes of death among children under 5
  • infectious diseases are main causes of death eg hiv/aids or lung infections
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27
Q

What are the disparities in health? HICS

A
  • 7 in every 10 deaths are people over 70 yrs
  • only 1 in every 10 deaths are children under 15 yrs
  • chronic diseases are main causes of death eg heart and lung disease and cancer
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28
Q

What are the disparities in wealth?

A

Most developed countries enjoy the greatest wealth

  • in 2014, fastest growing wealth was north america which holds 35% of total global wealth
  • Africas share of global wealth is very small about 1%
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29
Q

What is migration?

A

Migration is the movement of people from place to place. It can be voluntary or it can be forced.

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30
Q

What is an immigrant? And emigrant? A economic migrant?

A

Immigrant - a person who moves into a country
Emigrant - a person who moves out of a country
Economic migrant - a person who moves voluntarily to seek a better life

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31
Q

What is a refugee?

A

A person forced to move from their country of origin, as a result of civil war or natural disasters

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32
Q

What is a displaced person?

A

A person forced to move from their home but who stays in their country of origin

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33
Q

How does investment help reduce development gap?

A

Many countries chose to invest money into LICs fo increase profit by improving harbours or ports ot by the development of new industries
- this can support a country’s development by producing employment and income. As economies grow, poverty decreases and education improves. People become more politically involved, leading to better governments

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34
Q

How does industrial development help reduce development gap?

A

Brings employment, higher incomes and opportunities to invest in housing, education and infrastructure-> multiplier effect

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35
Q

How does tourism help reduce development gap?

A

Countriess with tropical beaches, spectacular landscapes or abundant wildlife have become tourist destinations. This has led to investment and increased income from abroad, which can be used for improving education, infrastructure and hi using

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36
Q

Where is jamaica?

A

Its is in the west indies and is a middle income country, whose economy is based on a range of minerals eg oil, agricultural products eg rum and sugar and manufacturing. It has suffered from slow growth, debt and high unemployment

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37
Q

Why do tourists go to Jamaica?

A

It has beautiful beaches, a warm sunny climate and a rich cultural heritage. It also has good international air communications and is a hub for cruise ships

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38
Q

How has tourism contributed to Jamaicas enconomy?

A

It generates taxes, employment and income. Over the last few decades, it has helped raise the level of development and reduce development gap in jamaica
- in 2014, tourism contributed to 24% of jamaicas GDP, taxes paid to the government contribute futher to the development of a country

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39
Q

How has tourism contributed to Jamaicas employment ?

A
  • its the main source of employment, providing 200,000 jobs either directly (transport /hotels) or indirectly (shops/banking)
  • boosts local economy as residents spend their income in shops, people learn new skills to boost job prospects and standard of living has improved
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40
Q

How has tourism contributed to Jamaicas infrastructure ?

A
  • led to a high investment on the north coast where most tourism is, some improvements to roads and airport but part of the island is still isolated.
  • new hotel accommodation and port for cruise liners have been built
41
Q

How has tourism contributed to Jamaicas quality of life ?

A

Wealthy people living in nothern tourist areas have high standard of living however other areas there are people living in poor houses with poor access to basic needs

42
Q

How does aid help reduce development gap?

A

Aid is when a NGO eg oxfam donates resources to another country to help it develop, or improve peoples lives.
- long term and freely given aid addresses development gap it enables countries to invest development projects such as road and water management that will benefit people in the long run

43
Q

How does intermediate technology help reduce development gap?

A

Its a sustainable technology that’s appropriate to the needs, skills knowledge and wealth of local people
- it takes the form of small scale projects often associated with agriculture, water or health. They involve communities and can make differences

44
Q

How does fairtrade help reduce development gap?

A

Seeks to reduce the development gap by improving the quality of life for ordinary farmers
- it ensures that producers in poorer countries get a fair deal eg by guaranteeing the farmer gets a fair price, farmer gets all the money for the sale of his crop and part of the price is invested in local community development projects

45
Q

How does debt relief help reduce development gap?

A

Can help poorer countries invest their money into development projects such as industry or infrastructure. By cancelling their debts, they can use money to improve the quality of life for their people.
- however it can lead to problems such as countries may get into futher debt by expecting it to be written off in the future or corrupt governments may keep the money

46
Q

How does microfinance help reduce development gap?

A

Its a small scale finance support group, available directly from banks set up to help the poor. Microfinance loans enable people to set up small businesses and helps them to become self sufficient. As small businesses thrive, employment opportunities increase as well as incomes

47
Q

Where is Nigeria?

A

Its a NEE and is west Africa, its capital is Abuja and borders Benin, Niger, Chad and Cameroon. It has a tropical climate with variable rainy and dry seasons

48
Q

What is the regional importance of Nigeria?

A
  • it is one of the fastest growing economies of Africa and in 2014, it had the highest GDP in the continent and the largest manufacturing sector.
  • has the highest farming output with 70% in agriculture eg subsistence farming
  • country has huge potential and could pave the way in africas future development
49
Q

What is Nigeria’s global importance?

A
  • its experiencing rapid economic development in 2014, it was the world’s 21st largest country.
  • supplies 2.7% of the worlds oil, the 12th largest producer. Much of its economic growth has been based on oil revenues
  • developed a diverse economy with telecommunications, media and financial services
  • its the 5th largest contributor to UN peacekeeping missions around the world
50
Q

What is the political context of Nigeria?

A
  • in the 1960s, african countries gained their independence however butter power struggles resulted in many dictatorships and civil wars from 1967-1970
  • lack of political stability affected the development and led to widespread corruption
  • many countries are now investing in Nigeria eg China is making big improvements in contruction in Abuja and American cooperations such as Walmart and IT giants rg microsoft are operating in Nigeria
51
Q

What is Nigeria’s social context?

A
  • its a multiethnic, multifaith country, this social diversity is one of Nigerias greatest strengths but also a source of conflict
  • in 1967, lgbo dominated south east tried to separate from Nigeria to become the republic of Biafra, which resulted in civil war until 1970
  • economic inequality, in the north and south of Nigeria has created new religions and tensions, with the rise of islamic fundamentalist group Boko Haram has had a negative impact on the economy with a reduction in investment & rise in unemployment
52
Q

What are the regional variations in Nigeria?

A
  • huge variations in wealth and development
  • urban areas have greater shares of services and facilities eg 60% of children in urban areas attend secondary school, only 36% do in urban areas which encourages rural to urban migration
  • GDP varies per person its US$ 3617 in the south while in the south east its Us$292
53
Q

What is Nigerias social context?

A

1) enjoys a rich and cultural lifestyle, Nigerion music is enjoyed across the continent and beyond
2) nigerian cinema Nollywood is the second largest in the world
3) Nigerian football team has won the african cup of nations three times, most recently in 2013

54
Q

What is Nigerias environmental context?

A

1) . Northern nigeria - semi desert futher south theres tropical grassland mainly used for grazing
2) . Jos Plateau - upland region is wetter and cooler and densly populated forest
3) . Southern nigeria - high temps and rainfall and much of the area is forest

55
Q

What is agriculture like in Nigerias balanced economy now?

A
  • employment in agriculture (primary sector) has fallen due to increasing use of farm machinery and better pay and conditions in other sectors of the economy
56
Q

What is industrialisation and economic growth like in Nigerias balanced economy now?

A

(Secondary sector) being under a stable government has increased employment in oil production and manufacturing etc
- the growth of communications, retail and finance in the service (tertiary) sector

57
Q

What is manufacturing like in Nigeria today?

A

Accounts for 10% of Nigerias GDP.

Among goods produced are processed foods, textiles, leather items and soaps and detergents

58
Q

How has the growth of manufacturing stimulated economic development in Nigeria?

A

1) . Regular paid work gives people a more secure income and provides an even larger home market for purchasing things like cars, clothes
2) . As industries grow, more people are employed and revenue from taxes increases
3) . A thriving insurance sector attracrs foreign investment which stimulates futher economic growth

59
Q

What is a transnational corporation (TNC)?

A

A large company that operates in several countries, they can invest huge amounts if money and expertise while benefitting from tax incentives, cheaper labour, large internal markets and laxer environmental laws

60
Q

How many TNC’s are there in Nigeria?

A

About 40 that are operating, the majoruty have headquarters in UK, Europe and USA

61
Q

What are the advantages of TNCs for Nigeria?

A

1) . Companies provide employment & development of new skills
2) . More money is spent on the economy
3) . Investment by companies in local infrastructure and education
4) . Other local companies benefit from increased orders
5) . Valuable export revenues are earned

62
Q

What are the disadvantages of TNCs for Nigeria?

A

1) . Local workers are sometimes poorly paid
2) . Working conditions are sometimes poor
3) . Management jobs go to foreign employers brought in by the TNC
4) . Much of the profit generated goes abroad
5) . Grants and subsidies used to attract TNCs could have been used to invest in Nigerian Industry

63
Q

What is the TNC for the oil and gas industry that’s operating in Nigeria?

A
  • royal dutch shell is an anglo-dutch company (UK,Netherlands) and since the discovery of oil in 1958, its operations in the Niger Delta have been controversial
64
Q

What are the advantages for industry TNCs in Nigeria?

A

1) . Making major contributions in taxes and export revenue
2) . Providing employment for 65,000 nigerian workers and a futher 250,000 jobs in related industry
3) . Giving 91% of shell contracts to Nigeria companies

65
Q

What are the disadvantages for industry TNCs in Nigeria?

A

1) . Oil spills have caused water pollution & soil degradation, reducing agricultural production and fishing yields
2) . Militant groups disrupt oil supply in the delta
3) . Oil theft and sabotage are big problems in the region, reducing pollution levels & costing TNCs and the government billions of dollars every year

66
Q

How have Nigeria’s political links changed?

A

Until 1960, it was part of the British Empire, however since becoming independent it has become a member of the british commonwealth
- its now a leading member of african political & economic groups as well as the United Nations

67
Q

What are Nigeria’s political links?

A

1) . African Union - economic planning and peacekeeping group to provide troops with other countries
2) . OPEC - aims to stabilise the price of oil and to ensure a regular supply
3) . ECOWAS - trading group made up of west african countries

68
Q

What are Nigerias global trading relationships?

A
  • main exports are crude & refined petroleum, natural gas, cocoa and cotton
  • fastest growing import is telephones, imported from China
  • crude oil dominates exports, with India having the greatest demand, it has increased exports by 40% between 2013&2014
  • 40% of population employed in agriculture, although its importance has reduced
  • cocoa and rubber exports are low, with most exported to Barbados for processing
69
Q

What is emergency aid?

A

Usually follows a natural disaster, war on conflict and may take the formor food, water, shelter or medical supplies

70
Q

What is developmental aid?

A

Long term support given by charities, governments etc, it aims to improve people’s quality of life by providing safe water, education and improvements to infrastructure

71
Q

How much aid does Nigeria recieve?

A

1). 4% of aid given to african countries, some comes from international organisations like World Bank and countries such as UK and USA

72
Q

What are the benefits of aid in Nigeria?

A

1) . Aid from USS helps to educate and protect people against the spread of HIV and AIDS
2) . UAAID - funded community care project provides support packages for orphans and vulnerable children
3) . In 2014, world bank approval US$500 million to fund development projects and provide longer term loans to businesses

73
Q

What prevents aid being used effectively?

A

1) . Corruption in the government, and by individuals is a major factor in loss of aid
2) . Donors may have political influence over what happens to aid
3) . A country may become independent, which could slow down its economic development

74
Q

What are the environmental impacts of industrial growth?

A

1) . In kano, kudana and lagos many harmful pollutants go directly into the open drains and water channels
2) . Some industries dispose of chemical waste on nearby land, threatening groundwater quality
3) . Industrial chimneys emit poisonous gases that can cause respiratory and heart problems in humans

75
Q

What are the environmental impacts of urban growth?

A

1) . Squatter settlements are common in most cities
2) . Services have failed to keep peace with the role of economic growth
3) . Traffic congestion is a major problem in most nigerian cities, leading to high levels of exhaust emissions

76
Q

What are the environmental impacts of mining and extraction?

A

1) . Tin mining led to soil erosion and local water supplies were also polluted with toxic chemicals
2) . Oil spills in the niger delta have cuased fires and acid rain which harms plants and aquatic ecosystems

77
Q

What can be slme of the benefits of economic development?

A

1) . Reliable, better paid jobs in manufacturing or services
2) . Better access to safe water and sanitation
3) . Better quality health care with more doctors and hospitals

78
Q

What is Nigeria’s HDI like?

A

Been increasing steadily since 2005, and in 2011, it had one of the highest average HDI improvements in the world over the past decade

79
Q

What do people’s quality of life depend on in the future in Nigeria?

A
  • political - the need forna continuing stable government to encourage inward investment
  • environmental- pollution of the Niger delta by oil spills have devastated the lives of the local Ogeni people
  • social - distrust remains between several tribal groups and there are also religious divides which spreads fear
80
Q

How has the UKs economy changed?

A
  • before 1800, most people worked in farming, mining or related (primary sector)
  • after the industrial revolution, people moved to towns for work in ships/manufactoring (manufactoring sector)
  • last few decades, the tertiary sector has increased with jobs in services eg health care and retailing
  • recently, the Quarternary sector has developed with jobs in research and media
81
Q

What is de-industrialisation?

A

The decline of a country’s manufacturing (secondary) sector due to the exhaustion of raw materials, loss of markets and overseas competition

82
Q

Why has the UKs economy changed?

A

1) . Machines and technology replaced many people in modern industries
2) . Countries eg China produce cheaper goods due to less expensive labour
3) . Lack on investment, high labour costs and outdated machinery made UK products expensive

83
Q

What is globalisation?

A

A process thay creates a more connected world, with increases in the global movement of goods (trade) and people (migration and tourism)

84
Q

What is globalisation responsibile for in the UK?

A

Partly responsible for the explosion of the Quarternary sector, with people now working on global brands and products also boosted world trade and enable more imported products to the UK

85
Q

What are the government policies between 1945-1970?

A

1) . Government created state run industries
2) . Government money was spent on propping up declining UK industries
3) . 1970s, was a decade of strikes and social unrest

86
Q

What are the government policies between 1970?-2010

A

1) . State run industries were sold off to private shareholders to create a more competitive business environment
2) . UK industrial derelict areas were transformed into new financial centres and retail cottages

87
Q

What are the government policies between 2010 onwards?

A

1) . Aim of the government was to rebalance the economy, by rebuilding manufacturing sector and relying less on service industries
2) . Policies have included:
- easier access to loans and finance
- more investment in manufacturing industries

88
Q

What is a post industrial economy?

A

The shift of some HIC economies from producing goods to providing sevices

89
Q

How has the development of technology affected the UK?

A
  • internet access enables people to work from home
  • over 1.3 million people are working in the IT sector
  • new businesses are directly involved with IT, manufacturing and designing software
  • uk is one of the worlds leading digital economies, attracting investment from abroad
90
Q

How have service industries and finance affected the UK?

A
  • sevice industries produce services rather than products, it contributes 79% of the UK economic output
  • uk is world leading centre for financial services, it accounts for 10% of the GDP and employs over 2 million people
91
Q

How has the research sector affected the UK?

A
  • its part of the quaternary sector and employs 60,000 highlt educated people, estimated to contribute £3 billion to the uk economy
  • usually done by universities, private companies and government bodies eg BBC, engineering and environment agency
92
Q

How have science parks affected the UK?

A
  • a science park is a collection of scientific and technical knowledge based businesses located on a single site
  • there’re over 100 in the UK with 75,000 people working in them. Most are unis which enables them to use research facilities and employ graduates
93
Q

How have business parks affeted the UK?

A
  • a business park is an area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses, usually located on the edges of towns because:
    1. Land tends to be cheaper
    2. Access is better for workers and distribution
    3. Businesses can benefit from working together
94
Q

What are the impacts of industry on the physical environment?

A

1) . Manufacturing plants can look very dull and uninter and can have a negative visual effect
2) . Industrial processes can cause air & water pollution
3) . Transport of raw materials and manufacturing products is usually y road, which increases levels of air pollution

95
Q

How can industrial development be more sustainable?

A

1) . Technology can be used to reduce harmful emissions from power stations
2) . Heavy fines imposed when an industrial pollution incident occurs
3) . Stricter environment targets put into place for industry on water quality, air pollution and landscape

96
Q

Where and what is Top Quarry?

A

Its a limestone quarry in the Mendip Hills, south of Bristol.
It employs over 100 people and contributes £15 million to the economy each year, limestone chippings produced at the quarry are mostly used in construction

97
Q

What were the impacts of quarrying in Torry Quarry in the past?

A

1) . Natural habitats were damaged or destroyed
2) . Water sources were polluted, particularly if toxic chemicals were used
3) . Landscapes were transformed, leaving scars when quarries were abandoned

98
Q

What are the modern sustainable approaches to quarrying?

A

There are stricter controls in quarrying to ensure that its sustainable, strict regulations on blasting, removal of dust from roads and landscaping

1) . Transporting chiplings by rail rather than road
2) . Monitoring of water quality, airborne emissions and noise
3) . Restoring 80 hectares of the site with grass and fields

Geography (10 decks)

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