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GCSE Edexcel Geography A > resource managment > Flashcards

resource managment Flashcards

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1
Q

What are biotic resources?

A

obtained from biosphere, capable of reproduction, e.g. animals, birds, plants.

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2
Q

What are abiotic resources?

A

obtained from lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere, e.g. minerals, soil, sunlight and fresh water.

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3
Q

What are non-renewable resources?

A

combustible sources that can’t be ‘remade’, formation takes millions of years, e.g. coal, oil, uranium and natural gas.

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4
Q

What are renewable resources?

A

Potentially inexhaustible, can be naturally replenished, e.g. wind, solar and hydro-electric power (HEP)

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5
Q

What are the results of exploiting environments from oil extraction in Ecuador?

A

Texaco discovers oil in Oriene reigon and builds 350 oil wells in 1960s, 1000 open unlined pits filled with toxic sludge left behind; 18 billion gallons of toxic water dumped into rivers, reducing water quality.

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6
Q

What were affects on local people in oil extraction in Ecuador?

A

Reduction in water quality- tribes use water for drinking, cooking, bathing and fishing. Drinking polluted water leads to increased reports of miscarriages and birth defects.

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7
Q

What are the effects of exploiting environments: overfishing in north sea?

A

Fish in demand as source of protein, fishing industry provides jobs, cod numbers declined in last 100 years, fish provide protein and employment, unsustainable fishing practices-more caught than replaced. Length of fish 1915-2cm, 2012-35cm.

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8
Q

What are the effects of deforestation in Cameroon (Cameroon is 48% rainforest) 1% of forest cut down annually for palm oil?

A

Cameroon rainforests high biodiversity-600+ species of trees and bushes, 70,000 hectares cleared or being cleared to make way for palm oil plantations-soil erosion, biodiversity under threat- some oldest woodlands on Earth at risk.

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9
Q

What are the effects of agriculture and forestry on influence of latitude?

A

Higher precipitation and solar radiation near equator. Very productive. TRF, forestry and plantation agriculture. Soil infertile: latosols. Colder and drier at pols. soils Low productivity. Tundra/coniferous trees. Forestry. Soil leached. Type of soil is podsols. 30 degrees N and S of equator, high solar radiation, very low precipitation. Little or no vegetation. Nomadic herding. Irrigated crops. Desert sandy soils.

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10
Q

How does precipitation vary in the UK?

A

Higher in north and west (low population density) compared to south (high population density)

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11
Q

How does types of agriculture vary in the UK?

A

Depends on soil, climate, and relief. East Anglia has flat land, fertile soil and warm summers so is suitable for arable farming e.g. wheat. Sheep farming is located in upland areas like Scotland.

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12
Q

Where are oil and gas extracted in the UK?

A

North sea. Billions of barrels produced each year.

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13
Q

Where are energy consumed the most?

A

High in technically advanced countries. Low in less developed countries, rising rapidly in China.

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14
Q

Where is food consumed the most?

A

High in wealthy countries. People in Ghana, Africa survive on fewer than 2000 calories per day.

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15
Q

Where is water used the most?

A

Water surplus in tropical rainforest as precipitation>evaporation. Water deficiency in North Africa as precipitation

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16
Q

Where is most of the UK’s iron?

A

The south.

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17
Q

What percentage of the UK’s forests are ancient?

A

33.33%

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18
Q

What percentage of the UK is farmland?

A

71%

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19
Q

What percentage of the UK is forest?

A

13%

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20
Q

What is the primary farming method in the south-east and north and west?

A

south-east-arable

north west-livestock

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21
Q

Where does soil erosion (could be a problem for food security) particularly occur?

A

in tropical areas where rain falls on bear land.

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22
Q

In 1970 how much fish was caught annually in the North Sea?

A

300,000 tonnes.

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23
Q

In 2006 how much fish was caught in the North Sea?

A

20,000 tonnes.

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24
Q

How much was recovered in 2015?

A

70,000 tonnes.

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25
Q

How much more global fishing capacity is there to be expected?

A

4 times.People thought be enough fish for future generations.

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26
Q

Do fish boats just catch fish?

A

They often accidentally catch animals which aren’t fish. eg. seagulls.

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27
Q

How much land does Madagascar lose per hector annually?

A

400 tonnes.

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28
Q

How much does cost to improve the situation?

A

Billions of dollars.

29
Q

If plans are put in how much percentage will it help the situation?

A

95%

30
Q

What is the London Array?

A

Off Kentish town of Ramsgate on the sea. It affects shipping rates and trade. Has 172 wind turbines. Covers 40 sq miles. During day cools temperature and warms at night. Has noise of 15km/h wind. Energy capacity of 630 mw enough to power 470,000 homes. Only produce co2 in construction. Each turbine kills 4 birds annually. It will save 925,000 tonnes of co2 annually.

31
Q

What is the Itaipu HEP plant in Brazil and Paraguay?

A

Located on Parana river. Owned by Brazil and Paraguay. It produces 18% of Brazil’s electricity and 90% of Paraguay’s electricity. People were forced to move because of construction of the dam. The countries are now less reliant on non-renewable sources for energy. The dam has destroyed large amounts of the forest on the Paraguayan side

32
Q

What is the solar park-the Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System?

A

In the USA. Produces 178,391 mw. The top solar countries are China, Germany and Italy. USA has the largest solar power plant in the Mojave desert. It produces 354 mw. The world’s largest produce 392 mw. They have to use land where it could be used for farmland, but plants can be grown alongside the panels. It creates hundreds of thousands of jobs. Man weslturing photovaic cells which can be made from mercury, silicon, toxic metals, lead and cadmium. Deserts are excellent locations as they get lots of sunlight where nobody works or lives in.

33
Q

What are the tar sands (oil) in Canada?

A

Non-renewable source of energy, extracted by mining or by extracting. Pipelines can brake. 514,000 people have been employed 800,000 by 2028. Energy required to oil is enough to heat 3 million homes. 6 barrales of water needed for each barral of oil. Most oil extracted by mining-clear vegetation and habitats. Butane releases 5-10% more co2 to atmosphere.

34
Q

What is fracking-natural gas?

A

Non-renewable-extracted by drill and water at high pressure. Reduces energy prices. Can cause gas entering the home-flammable gas through gaps. Produces 1/2 amount of co2 than oil. It is more environmentally friendly. Chemicals released to the shale rock can leak to ground water causing damage to ecosystems, also affecting humans.

35
Q

What is nuclear energy-uranium?

A

Renewable source of energy used by separating uranium atoms. Waste products are very harmful and expensive to manage safely, the risk of pollution will remain for centenaries. Power plants are expensive, but can always make energy, however, are popular for terrorist attacks. Waste products can remain in the environment of an area and people for centenaries. Produces less co2 than fossil fuels.

36
Q

What is China’s energy mix?

A

64% coal, 19% oil, 6% gas, 1% nuclear, 9% HEP, 0.3% solar, 1% wind, 0.4% other renewable.

37
Q

What is Germany’s energy mix?

A

oil 35%, gas 24%, coal 11%, lignite 11%, nuclear 6%, renewable 13%, others 2%.

38
Q

What is the three gorges dam HEP?

A

In 2014, the three gorges dam generated 98.8 billion kwh of electricity-roughly the same as burning 49 million tons of coal.

39
Q

What is the Norsee Ost farm in Germany-wind?

A

Offshore wind farm. Aims to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2022 to help reduce the impact of global warming.

40
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of bottom up projects?

A

Advantages: small scale of people feel involved and are likely to go on supporting them after the initial interest has funded. Don’t take long hours to get going. Don’t need a lot of money. Don’t need a lot of people initially. Can set up a example to others. Provide local employment.
Disadvantages: Don’t have a lot of money, so may not be able to scale up. Cannot easily deal with big problems like air pollution and poverty. May not have political support.

41
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of top down projects?

A

Advantages: large scale jobs, has political support and funding, can solve large problems e.g. air pollution, overcrowding. City government makes sure there is enough money for the project.
Disadvantages: Corrupt government, takes a long time to be put into action. May suffer budget cuts or corruption and so never happen. Don’t involve local people who may feel alienated.

42
Q

How has the environment in Ecuador been exploited?

A

1960s oil discovered in Oriente region-350 wells built. 1000 open built pits filled with toxic sludge, 18 billions gallons of toxic sludge dumped into river-miscarriage/death rates

43
Q

what are the positives/negatives of wind?

A

Positives:harnessing wind energy doesn’t pollute atmosphere, lowest price renewable source.
Negatives: only produced when wind to move blades, installations can be unsightly on landscape, relatively high costs to develop, turbine construction, site access roads, foundation and cabling costs.

44
Q

What are positives and negatives of coal?

A

Positives:Very productive resource-generates large amounts of energy, still enough reserves to last 200 years.
Negatives:burning coal releases greenhouse gases into atmosphere, mining coal dangerous-caused many deaths, expensive to develop mines and opencast pits.

45
Q

How has the UK changed its energy mix?

A

1970s 91% coal and petroleum. 2014-more renewable. New target 15% renewable 2020.

46
Q

How does population affect consumption?

A

China-high population relies on variety/mix of energy types. Iceland small population, uses geothermal only.

47
Q

How does wealth affect consumption?

A

More developed countries invest in mix of energy types. Less developed countries can’t afford mix.

48
Q

How does availability affect mix?

A

UK able to develop wind/tidal due to location. Other countries rely on import.

49
Q

How does global demand and supply affect consumption?

A

Rapid growth population-China, rising affluence-more able to afford fuel resources, advances in technology, more electrical goods, renewable energy harnessed, developed of new energy resources.

50
Q

What are social/environmental affects of coal?

A

Social:Mining can cause subsidence of buildings, miners at risk of illness or death.
Environment: Groundwater polluted. Burning coal produces large amounts of Co2.

51
Q

What are social and environmental affects of oil?

A

Social:leaks/spills exposes people to harmful chemicals. Extraction process creates jobs locally.
Environmentally:Oil spillages=pollution of groundwater and drinking water. Land cleared for oil extraction=loss of farmland.

52
Q

What are social and environmental affects of natural gas?

A

Social:Safe=lighter than air and dissipates when is leakage.
Environmentally:Made from methane=fewer carbon emissions than other fossil fuels. Burning releases greenhouse gases=global warming/climate change.

53
Q

What are social and environmental impacts of uranium?

A

Social:Damage from natural disasters=high risk of exposing people to radiation. Power stations expensive to build.
Environmentally:Waste highly radioactive=potential pollution form storing. Produces less co2 than burning fossil fuels.

54
Q

What are social/environmental affects of HEP?

A

Social:Generate tourism-jobs, displaces people.
Environmental:Generates clean energy, Vegetation and forests may have to be removed in construction.

55
Q

What are social/environmental affects of wind?

A

Social:Offshore wind farms, like London Array can generate enough energy to power thousands of homes. Wind turbines installed can cause noise and visual pollution.
Environmental:London array helps save thousands of tonnes of co2, impact bird migration.

56
Q

What are social/environmental affects of solar power?

A

Social:more governments are investing in developing solar energy-jobs. Potential reduction in farmland for farmers to grow crops on.
Environmental:Many solar parks built in desert-can damage fragile ecosystems. Construction solar panels uses toxic metals like cadmium-can harm environment.

57
Q

Why manage resources?

A

Relying on fossil fuels-irreversible impact on climate change. Rising population and economic development means governments must increase supply from renewable resources. Individuals’ impact can be measured using ecological and carbon footprints. British have 4-5 times bigger than global average.

58
Q

‘What are differing attitudes?

A

Fracking-harm environment-organisations see fracking as financial benefit,generating money for industry and services and supported by UK government. Pressure groups e.g. Greenpeace are opposed to fossil fuels, fracking and nuclear energy and want all energy produced by sunlight, wind, waves, tides and geothermal heat.

59
Q

What are different individual views on energy demands?

A

More use energy efficient products and generating renewable energy. Some feel renewable too expensive. Those living near oppose wind/solar farms-have noise and visual concern.

60
Q

What are different governmental opinions on energy demands?

A

World leaders set targets for sustainability. UK and 195 countries pledged limit increase in global temperature by 2 degrees at UN climate change summit-2015-investing in low-carbon energy technologies. Many countries adopting and encouraging citizens use sustainable transport, with introduction of congestion charging and bicycle schemes.

61
Q

What are different organisations opinions on energy demands?

A

See importance of managing operations more sustainably-advertise actions for good publicity. Increase operating costs may be problem for small companies.

62
Q

How has McDonald’s become more sustainable?

A

McDonald’s is example of company that has taken steps towards energy resource management through: reuse of cooking oil from restaurants as biodiesel in delivery lorries, replacing neon and filament bulb lighting with LED lighting.

63
Q

What is China’s background information?

A

Contributes 29% to global emissions-most in world. Has 7 of world’s 10 most polluted cities. Burns more coal than US, Europe and Japan combined. China renewable energy law 2006 aims to develop resources to develop renewable energy resources.

64
Q

What’ Germany’s background information?

A

28% of Germany’s electricity produced from renewable resources. Target:reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2022. Feed in tariffs pay producers of renewable energy for electricity they produce.

65
Q

What is the three gorges dam?

A

2014, generated 98.8(100) billion kWh, roughly same as burning 49 million tons of coal.

66
Q

What is the Bavaria Solarpark?

A

Germany invested in several solar parks. It aims to produce 215 million kWh over next 20 years and reduce co2 emissions by 100,000 tons over next 30 years.

67
Q

What is China’s solar power generators?

A

China now a leading solar power producer. Solar plant being built in Gobi Desert could produce energy for 1 million homes. Raised awareness of China’s energy needs, has increased take-up of solar panels.

68
Q

What are China’s coal restrictions?

A

2015 government introduced laws restricting use of heavily polluting coal in urban areas

69
Q

How are Germany becoming more sustainable?

A

After 2011 Japan nuclear incident, developed plans for offshore wind farms in particular. Plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2022 to help reduce impact of global warming.

GCSE Edexcel Geography A (18 decks)

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