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GCSE Edexcel Geography A > changing cities > Flashcards

changing cities Flashcards

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1
Q

Over half the world’s population lives in cities. What is that number expected to be by 2030?

A

5 billion people.

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2
Q

What happened in the 18th and 19th century in the UK with urbanisation?

A

mechanisation of farming and rise in factory jobs meant people moved from rural areas to cities.

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3
Q

What has urbanisation be caused by in developing and emerging countries?

A

people moving from rural areas to urban cities for a better life-rural to urban migration, birth rates in these countries are higher than death rates-natural increase.

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4
Q

What are the effects of urbanisation?

A

developing countries-illegal, unplanned shanty towns often develop. Air, noise and water pollution all increase. Gap between rich and poor widens-often more in emerging and developing countries, investment increases, leading to greater economic opportunities.

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5
Q

How is population distributed across the UK?

A

Unevenly, lower in North and higher in South. Overall population density is 266 people per km2.

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6
Q

How is population distributed in urban centres?

A

Have highest population density. London has highest in UK with over 5000 people per km2. In major cities of London, Liverpool and Portsmouth, population density over 3000 people per km2.

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7
Q

How is population spread out in North?

A

lower population density tends to be lower because fewer major cities and high relief on land makes more difficult to build settlements.

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8
Q

How is population spread out in Scotland?

A

climate, cooler climate makes living in areas more difficult due to more extreme weather conditions.

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9
Q

How is population spread out in urban centres?

A

One reason is location of ports. E.g. Liverpool is a densely populated city because of its port, which provides opportunities for industry and employment.

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10
Q

What is Birmingham’s site?

A

Located on Birmingham plateau in prime part of Midlands region; began as a small village, built on dry point site, south-facing sandstone ridge.

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11
Q

What is Birmingham’s situation?

A

located centrally in England, Birmingham has excellent road links to north and south.

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12
Q

What is Birmingham’s connectivity?

A

range of transport networks connecting city at different scales: Birmingham international airport, Birmingham New Street railway station, east access to M5, M6, M6 toll and M42, providing national links to West Midlands.

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13
Q

What is Birmingham’s culture?

A

Multicultural city with an estimated 22% of population born outside UK. In 2011 census, 13.5%, 13.5% defined themselves as Pakistani and 6% as Indian.

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14
Q

What is Birmingham’s environment like?

A

Birmingham is one of leading cities for parks, with an estimated 571 parks covering 3500 hectares. 2010, city ranked 15th for sustainable cities in UK.

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15
Q

What is in Birmingham’s CBD?

A

Main hub of city with offices, shops, theatres and hotels. Redevelopment has introduced new buildings recently, e.g. Bullring Shopping Centre.

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16
Q

What is in Birmingham’s inner city?

A

Redeveloped in 1970s. Tightly packed terraces and blocks of flats.

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17
Q

What is in Birmingham’s suburbs?

A

Built in 1930s, 1950s and 1960s. Building density is much lower, mainly semi-detached housing.

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18
Q

What is in Birmingham’s urban-rural fringe?

A

Fewer, larger, more recently built detached houses. Out-of-town shopping centres and industrial units also sited here.

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19
Q

What happened during Birmingham’s urbanisation process?

A

Influenced by manufacturing, e.g. jewellery. Small housing built for workers coming in from countryside, e.g. Small Heath

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20
Q

What happened during Birmingham’s suburbanisation period?

A

1920s rising population meant building new housing on outskirts of city, new estates, mainly semi-detached houses.

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21
Q

What happened in Birmingham’s counter-urbanisation period?

A

5 new comprehensive development areas built in inner city, people forced out of urban areas to places like Redditch

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22
Q

What happened during Birmingham’s re-urbanisation period?

A

more people want to live in centre again, close to work/amenities. Modernisation of flats and building of new apartments near canal

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23
Q

How has national migration affected Birmingham?

A

people moving out: to retirement destinations in South, e.g. Bournemouth. People moving in: because increased investment in Birmingham’s CBD has created more employment opportunities.

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24
Q

How has international migration affected Birmingham?

A

People moving in currently: who have fled conflict in countries e.g. Syria. People moving in in the past years: in response to employee shortages, encouraged by UK government to fill key jobs posts.

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25
Q

What are impacts of migration on young people?

A

With migrants settling in Birmingham, percentage of people aged 20-35 is higher than UK average. 66% of population is under 45.

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26
Q

What are impacts of migration on multiculturalism?

A

42% of residents are from ethnic groups other than white; 16% don’t have English as a main language.

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27
Q

What are impacts of migration on ethnic communities?

A

In 1970s many migrants settled in Sparkbrook and Sparkhill (cheaper housing). Communities have developed with own shops, places of worship.

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28
Q

What are the impacts of migration on housing?

A

2015, estimated that city’s housing demands were higher than expected, rising by extra 5000.

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29
Q

What are the impacts of migration on services?

A

having more people in city is putting pressure on key services, such as GP surgeries.

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30
Q

What was the population in Birmingham in 2014?

A

1.1 million-increase of 9.9% since 2004.

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31
Q

What is Birmingham’s youth population?

A

2014, had 22.9% of population as children-19% higher than both regional and national average.

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32
Q

What is Birmingham’s pensionable population?

A

2014 13.1% of Birmingham’s population were of pensionable age-lower than both regional (18%) and national (17.6%).

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33
Q

Why is Birmingham’s population the way it is?

A

increase of births, rise in international migration and declining death rates from improved health care.

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34
Q

How has globalisation helped deindustrialisation in Birmingham?

A

Increased imports of foreign cars means less demand for cars produced in Birmingham.

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35
Q

How has developments in transport helped deindustrialisation in Birmingham?

A

1970s ring road built, some factories removed to make way for route. This affected local economy; creates unemployment; need to retrain workers.

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36
Q

How has decentralisation helped deindustrialisation in Birmingham?

A

Inner city redeveloped, old factories demolished to make way for new housing, empty factory units are eyesores, encourage vandalism and are a public health risk.

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37
Q

How has technological advances helped deindustrialisation in Birmingham?

A

Slow adoption of new technologies: some industries become less efficient than higher-tech rivals and closed down.

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38
Q

What are the main reasons for economic change in Birmingham?

A

decline in manufacturing industry and lack of investment.

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39
Q

What factors affect Birmingham’s economic change?

A

40% of Birmingham’s population live in areas that are among the most deprived in England, During 2004-2007 Birmingham was ranked as most deprived local authority in West Midlands. Sutton Four Oaks is in top 5% of least deprived SOAs in UK. Deprivation is high in inner city areas of Birmingham, but also exists in suburbs.

40
Q

What are SOAs?

A

Super Output Ares used to look at deprivation in small areas. Each SOA is awarded a score for different aspects of deprivation. In England there are 32484 SOAs with populations of between 1,000 and 3,200.

41
Q

What are the differences in quality in life in Birmingham?

A

Investment in inner city slow-limited public funding, some migrants don’t have skills/qualifications for jobs available, increasing population density in inner city-strain on health services. Provision of services-housing, schools-hasn’t kept up with increasing demand, available jobs often don’t need specific skills/qualifications but are short-time contracts.

42
Q

What happened with Birmingham’s CBD in the 19th century?

A

People moved away from city to suburbs to avoid increasing pollution levels.

43
Q

What happened with Birmingham’s CBD in the 1870s?

A

Manufacturing industries relocate to suburbs.

44
Q

What happened with Birmingham’s CBD in the 1970s/80s?

A

Shopping outlets move to edge-and out-of-town locations like Merry Hill.

45
Q

What happened with Birmingham’s CBD and retailing decline?

A

Council supported redevelopment projects including the Bullring and Grand Central shopping centres.

46
Q

What are the new shopping centres in Birmingham?

A

Edge-and out-of-town centres have advantages: for retailers-cheaper, larger units than in CBD, for consumers-free, easy parking, all stores under 1 roof.

47
Q

How has internet shopping affected Birmingham’s CBD?

A

Rise in internet shopping since 1990s reduced numbers of consumers using CBD. Benefits include: 24-hour shopping, special discounts, ‘armchair’ shopping.

48
Q

What are the impacts of decentralisation in Birmingham?

A

Movement of shops to out-of-town locations e.g. Merry Hill caused 12% decline in trade in CBD. Movement of shops to Merry Hill resulted in redevelopment of what was originally a brownfield site. Redevelopment of CBD through new projects like Mailbox and Bullring has now seen growth in trade.

49
Q

How has youth employment affected Birmingham?

A

Youth employment reduced in recent years from 12% in 2014 to 9% in 2015. Council introduced Youth Promise pledge that aims to provide employment, education and training for those aged 14-25.

50
Q

How has the city council helped increase youth employment?

A

Works closely with schools and universities through Birmingham Education Partnership to recruit and retain teachers. City has 17 teaching schools-one of highest in country.

51
Q

How has housing and health work in Birmingham?

A

February 2016,Birmingham announced new £59 million project to improve energy efficiency of homes:
City council plans to improve insulation in people’s homes by installing new windows and more efficient heating systems.
Residents’ monthly bills will be lower and city co2 emissions reduced.
City working with Healthy Villages to improve heath and wellbeing of its residents by improving access to services.

52
Q

How has Birmingham been working to achieve affordable housing?

A

Birmingham Municipal Housing Trust and Capita been working together to build new affordable housing for residents, total of 1576 houses been built across different areas of city under scheme. 2015, new affordable housing development was started in Solihull with building of 13 one-bedroom and 14 two-bedroom apartments.

53
Q

What is Mexico city’s site?

A

Began as settlement on island in Lake Texcoco in Aztec times (14th-15th century).

54
Q

What is Mexico city’s situation?

A

Located on central Plateau, flat landscape surrounded by mountains and volcanoes.

55
Q

What are Mexico City’s connectivity?

A

Major highways make it main link between TV and radio.

56
Q

What is Mexico City’s culture?

A

Largest Spanish-speaking city in world.

57
Q

What is a site?

A

type of land used to build a settlement.

58
Q

What is a situation?

A

Position of settlement in terms of physical and human features that surround it.

59
Q

What is in Mexico City’s CBD?

A

main financial hub characterised by office blocks, including Mexican Stock Exchange buildings. Now attracts high-value retailers.

60
Q

What is in Mexico City’s inner city?

A

characterised by slums. First slums built during 19th century. ‘Vecindades’ are abandoned multi-storey colonial mansions converted into cheap tenements and rented out to families.

61
Q

What is in Mexico City’s suburbs?

A

areas like Ciudad Satelite characterised by middle-class housing mainly built to owners’ orders. Tight security-walled-off parking spaces, barbed wire, electric fences and armed guards.

62
Q

What is in Mexico City’s urban-rural fringe?

A

Land use dominated by unregulated shanty towns.

63
Q

How has Mexico City’s population changed?

A

1950s population was 2 million, 2010 population was 19 million. Annual growth of Mexico City changed from 5.5% during 1950s to 0.8% by 2000.

64
Q

How has natural increase changed Mexico City’s population?

A

During 1950s high birth rate and fall in death rate meant population grew rapidly.

65
Q

How has economic investment changed Mexico City’s population?

A

increased job opportunities through investment in construction of factories and offices in city.

66
Q

How has national and international migration helped change Mexico City’s population?

A

Main flow of migrants to Mexico City is from rural ares (national), with people looking for alternative jobs to farming, better housing, clean water and improved health care. Fewer migrants arrive from USA, Germany and France (international) and tend to live in wealthier parts of city.

67
Q

What are impacts of migration on city?

A

Need for homes led to more self-built housing at city edge-larger shanty towns, greater use of open space-higher population density and greater poverty, many migrants moving to city are young adults, leading to rise in number of younger people in city-but lack of jobs is increasing rates of crime.

68
Q

How does pollution, crime and clean water correlate to migration?

A

Rise in car ownership is increasing both air and noise pollution, causing health problems, fear of crime is leading to segregation of people, with wealthier living in gated communities, difficulties in supplying clean water with rising demand, putting pressure on city’s reservoirs and underground aquifers.

69
Q

How are wages spread out in Mexico City?

A

minimum wage should be US$4 per day, but 1 in 3 workers are paid less. in CBD wages are much higher, with top 20% earning as much as 13 times more than the bottom 20%.

70
Q

How is education spread out in Mexico City?

A

poorest 10% average only 2 years of school attendance, while richest 10% average 12 years.

71
Q

How are services spread out in Mexico City?

A

Shanty town residents have no running water, electricity or food shops, unlike residents in wealthier areas who live in large houses with gardens and swimming pools.

72
Q

How does housing shortages affect urbanisation?

A

many migrants moving to city are living on garbage dumps, forced to search through waste to make money.

73
Q

How does squatter settlements affect urbanisation?

A

Migrants from countryside are forced to illegally build homes made out of waste material on edge of city. These homes have no running water or electricity.

74
Q

How does under-employment affect urbanisation?

A

These are people who work 7 days a week doing more than 1 type of job.

75
Q

How does pollution affect urbanisation?

A

Mexico City is surrounded by mountains, so pollutants are trapped. Increases air pollution, causing people to suffer form respiratory diseases.

76
Q

How does inadequate services affect urbanisation?

A

City generates 13,000 tonnes of rubbish every day but struggles to dispose of all of it, with waste dumped on streets.

77
Q

What are top down projects?

A

Large-scale projects usually funded and managed by city governments.

78
Q

What are bottom-up projects?

A

Small-scale projects often funded by NGOs (non-governmental organisations) or community organisations.

79
Q

What are some community based projects?

A

Cultiva Ciudad is working with local schools to educate children about managing a garden. Rooftop gardens have taken off, with residents growing healthy foods. Locals are working together on outskirts of city to raise money to help build schools and health centres.

80
Q

What has the government in Mexico City done to help with public transport?

A

In 2005 introduced Metrobus, estimated to reduce 35,000 tonnes of co2 emissions annually. Bus system runs 250,000 people per day. New transport system reduced journey times by 30 minutes from 1.5h to 1h.

81
Q

What is Mexico City done to help with waste recycling?

A

Mexico City produces estimated 13,000 tonnes of solid waste every day, with all waste being sent to 1 landfill site. Landfill site eventually shut but government failed to provide alternative. 2011 to combat issue, government introduced trading system-trash for food. A ‘barter market’ set up with residents exchanging waste for vouchers. Vouchers when traded with local farmers for food.

82
Q

What is migration?

A

The movement of people.

83
Q

What are push factors?

A

Reasons people choose to leave a place or country.

84
Q

What are pull factors?

A

Reasons people choose to move to a place or country.

85
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

The increase in people who reside in a city or built up area.

86
Q

What is a megacity?

A

A large city typically with a population over 10 million.

87
Q

What is counter-urbanisation?

A

The movement of people and employment from major cities to smaller settlements and rural areas located beyond the city, or to more distant towns and cities.

88
Q

What is re-urbanisation?

A

The movement of people back towards cities centres away from rural areas and from suburbs.

89
Q

What is natural increase?

A

The difference between the number of live births and the number of deaths during the year.

90
Q

What is a shanty town?

A

A deprived area on the outskirts of a town consisting of large numbers of shanty dwellings.

91
Q

What is the structure of Birmingham?

A

The burgerss model.

92
Q

What are tertiary industries?

A

Education, Quaternary industries, NHS, public transport.

93
Q

What are Quaternary industries?

A

Research and development, the need for space and access for growing markets of the EU.

94
Q

What makes London the economic core of the UK?

A

There is a large market, larger labor force, rising economy, centre of the UK’s roads, rail and air communications. It is the capital of the UK and of government. Being in the EU means there is a larger economy. It is the centre of creative industries, it is the centre of culture and of banking making it have a stronger economy.

95
Q

How does the landscape in the North change from the South?

A

More mountainous, thinner soils. Meaning less space for agriculture of plants.

96
Q

What is the Tees-exe line?

A

The Tees-Exe line is an imaginary northeast-southwest line that can be drawn on a map of Great Britain which roughly divides the country into lowland and upland regions.

97
Q

How does quality of life vary in Mexico city?

A

Rich are more likely to be politicians. Politicians can give theirselves homes and land, whereas the poor often live in shanty towns.

GCSE Edexcel Geography A (18 decks)

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