Global development Flashcards
What is development?
Term that measures how advanced a country is compared to another. It is about standard can of living in country-whether people can afford things need to survive. However, not just about money. Development also includes quality of life within country.
How do low-income countries develop?
Investment in farming-higher yield eat and sell. Electricity grid reaches rural areas. New road or railways-connect remote areas with cities. Literacy rises-better job prospects, gender equality improves.
What are factors affecting human development of a country?
Economic-personal wealth/income, growth of economy, types of industry, cost of living, employment rate and job security.
food/water security.
Social-access to health, education , housing, recreation.
Cultural-democracy, work-life balance, tradition imported culture balance.
Technological-electricity, internet access, better farm/industry machinery.
What is food security?
Imbalance between food production and food consumption means many countries lack food security. Means people lack: availability-enough of food all time, access-to enough of right food to stay healthy, knowledge-to make best use of what they have.
What can the level of development in a country be measured using statistics for?
economic indicators political measures, social and political measures. Some things are easier to measure than others.
What is GDP?
Gross Domestic Product: total value of goods and services produced by country in year. Often divided by population of that country to give GDP per capita.
What is HDI?
Human Development Index puts together a country’s Gross National Income, life expectancy and average years in education to produce an indicator of country’s development level.
What are the limitations of GDP?
All measures of development show average only, data don’t show everything and aren’t always accurate. E.g. doesn’t include cash economy.
How can political corruption affect development?
Quality of government has big impact on development. The corruption Perceptions Index grades quality of governments from ‘highly corrupt’ to ‘very clean’
What are the variations of development in the UK?
Development levels vary within UK. In London and south east, people generally have higher standard of living than people in rest of UK.
What are factors affecting global inequalities in development?
Size of country, natural hazards, landlocked or not, tropical or temperate climates. Colonial links, trading relationships. Type of economy, debt, investment in health and education.
What are the inequalities in the UK that affect development?
Remoteness or accessibility of area, potential for industry. Links with particular industry impact of deindustrialisation. Employment rates and salaries, houses prices, state of infrastructure.
What are the uneven impacts of employment in development?
Job in informal sector, like street stalls, are less secure and have have fewer benefits. Employment in development countries is limited, with people working in lower paid, more labour-intensive jobs.
What are the uneven impacts of health in development?
Healthcare is limited in developing world, with fewer doctors and poor facilities.
What is access to housing and how does it affect development?
Many people in world don’t have access to housing. More than 30% of world’s population live in slums. Each year, more than 6 million children die before reach 5 years old.
What is food and water security, and how does it affect development?
Developing countries lack access to food and clean water, resulting in malnourishment and dehydration. Lack of water limits people’s ability to grow food they need.
How does uneven access to technology affect development?
Less investment in technology, with few people who have skills to use it. Appropriate technology can be more effective in meeting local needs in sustainable way.
How does uneven education affect development?
Literacy rates are ow in developing world, with few schools and poor attendance rates. People with least education have least education have largest families, which can lead to debt and malnutrition.
What is international aid?
Where 1 country voluntarily transfers resources to another country. Provides vital income for many poor countries, and helps reduce uneven global development. Can: pay for imports, e.g. machinery and oil, which are vital to development, support accumulation of enough capital to invest in industry and infrastructure, address shortage of skills needed for development.
What are inter-government agreements?
Agreements made between 2 or more governments to cooperate in some way.
What is FDI?
Foreign direct investment when company invests in company in different country, and some control over what that company does.
What are the positives and negatives of FDIs?
Positives: bring in investments, bring in big brands-widens consumer market, foreign companies may be able to pay more-pushes up wages.
Negatives: Big brands can outsell local products. FDI not always reliable-investors can pull out. Lack of regulation can have negative implications, e.g. environmental consequences and individual accidents.
What is trade?
Trade agreements e.g. removing trade barriers can reduce uneven development by helping developing countries to increase trade: e.g. open trading between EU and China.
What is fair trade?
Fair Trade producers in developing countries work together to deal directly with retailers in developed countries, get fairer conditions and get better price for goods. Fair Trade makes up less than 1% of total world trade.
What is official government aid?
Taxes.
What is multilateral aid?
Assistance provided by governments to international organisations like the United. Nations, World Bank, and International Monetary Fund (IMF). These organisations seek to reduce poverty in developing nations.
What is bilateral aid?
Assistance given by a government directly to the government of another country is bilateral aid. It is when the capital flows from a developed nation to a developing country.
What is voluntary aid?
Sustainable/community led development. Is bottom up.
What is short-term emergency aid?
Aid generally given after natural disasters as immediate aid.
What is long-term development aid?
Strategies/methods techniques to help bi-lateral use. Generally given after war/recession.
What is top-down development?
Happens through action of governments and TNCs. Large-scale projects that aim at national-level or regional-level development. Very expensive projects often funded by international development banks. Sophisticated technology that needs experts to install and maintain.
What is bottom-up development?
Bottom-up development happens through actions of NGOs working with communities. Local-scale projects that aim to benefit a village or small scale group of communities. Very cheap compared to top-down, but usually funded by community. Appropriate technology that local people can learn to operate and repair.
