Researdh Methods

Question 1

Type 1 error

Answer 1

Null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted

Question 2

Type 2 error

Answer 2

Reverse of type 1
Null hypothesis is accepted but it should have been the alternative hypothesis

Question 3

Self report Methods involve interviews.
What type of interviews

Answer 3

Structured interviews
Unstructured interviews

Question 4

Structured interviews

Answer 4

Have pre set questions. They are like questionnaires that are delivered face to face over the phone

Question 5

Unstructured interviews

Answer 5

There are no set questions. There’s a general aim that a certain topic will be discussed. Interactions r free flowing

Question 6

Strengths of correlations

Answer 6

• They provide a precise and quantifiable measure of how two variables are related
• They are relatively quick and economical to carry out
• No need for a controlled environment
• No manipulation of variables is required

Question 7

Weaknesses of correlations

Answer 7

As result of lack of experimental manipulation, correlations can only tell us how variables are affected but not why

They cannot demonstrate cause and effect therefore we don’t know which co-variable is causing the other to decrease

Question 8

Internal validity

Answer 8

Whether results of a study are truly due to factors tested or outside influences

Question 9

External validity

Answer 9

How well results of a study can be generalised to other settings

Question 10

Temporal validity

Answer 10

How well results of a study can be applied to different time periods

Question 11

Stratified sampling

Answer 11

Researchers divide subjects into subgroups called strata based on characteristics they share

Question 12

Systematic sampling

Answer 12

Where every other individual is selected from a list or sequence to form a sample, ensuring even and regular intervals

Question 13

Volunteer sampling

Answer 13

Researchers seek volunteers to participate in studies.

Volunteers can be solicited in person, over the Internet, public postings etc

Question 14

What are pilot studies

Answer 14

• Pilot studies are small scale prototypes of a study
• They are carried out before the full research to find out if there are any problems
• A pilot study uses a sample that’s (although smaller) is representative of the target population I’ll be used in the main research
• The goal is to improve validity of the research

Question 15

Demand characteristics definition

Answer 15

When participants try and make sense of the research. They may change their behaviour to support or disrupt the investigation.

May reduce validity of the experiment

Question 16

What are questionnaires
What type of question types can be in questionnaires

Answer 16

Written surveys that measure attitudes or opinions on something. For example, attitudes towards longer sentences for prisoners. They can be made up of open or closed questions

Open: no pretermined questions. Participants can offer as much detail as they want. Gathers qualitative data
Closed: predetermined responses for respondents to choose from. Yes or no. Gathers quantitative data

Question 17

What are interviews + types of interviews

Answer 17

Questions that are verbally asked by an interviewer and answered by an interviewee. They generally use open questions that gather qualitative data