Mrs Barker Flashcards
Classical conditioning. What happens?
Classical conditioning essentially means learning by conditioning
Occurs when two stimuli are paired together. So the new stimulus brings apart the same response
What is a Stimuli
Something that triggers any sort of reaction. Could be positive or negative
Dog and Paulov practical test. Summarise what happened
Hint: Metronome and Food
- Metronome ticks
- food follows. (Dog drooles)
- repeated multiple times
- dog eventually associates the ticking of metronome as dinner time
- when metronome ticks, the dog drools in anticipation of the food
Behaviourism is divided into two learning theories. What are they
- Classical conditioning: Behaviours are learned by connecting two different stimulis together. So they will both be part of the same response
- Operant conditioning: Behaviours are shaped and maintained by consequences
Skinner and the rat in the box (practical)
Positive reinforcement (reward): the rat is rewarded with food for pushing the lever
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Positive punishment: (disciplined): once the rat knew how to press the lever, skinner trained it to cease the behaviour by electrifying the floor each time the lever was pressed
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Negative reinforcement: Removal of an unpleasant situation when a particular behaviour is preformed. Electric currents were stopped when the rat stopped pressing the lever
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Negative punishment: Taking away a reward/removing an unpleasant situation. The rat was trained to stop pressing the lever
The biological approach uses humans to determine if disorders/illnessses/personalities have genetic or environmental influences.
What studies do physiologists use
- Twin Studies
- Adoption studies
- Family studies
Biological researchers look for concordance in their studies
What is Concordance?
The extent in which a trait matches or is shared with another person
What does higher concordance % rate show
High chance that the trait is genetic
What does lower concordance % rate show
High chance the the trait is environmental
What is Identical Monozygotic (MZ)
Twins that develop from the same fertilised egg that split into two. Typically, these twins are the same sex and share the same genes
What is non identical/fraternal dizygotic (DZ)?
Twins that develop from two different eggs. They generally share 50% of their genes
What are genotypes
Genotypes are genetic code in DNA that’s inherited and passed between generations - we can’t see it
What are phenotypes
Phenotypes are how genes are typically expressed. We can see them. For example: Blue eyes, Black hair, Big nose
What’s the difference between phenotypes and genotypes
Genotypes have a genetic influence whereas phenotypes have an environmental influence
What is Operant conditioning
Shaping and maintaining certain behaviours through reinforcement and punishments
