Research methods - Observation techniques Flashcards
Why are observational techniques used?
Observational techniques use only a few individuals to base research on which decreases generalisability. (limited application to the average person) They gain large insight due to focusing attention on a small number of individuals. They are a non-experimental method which means watching things as they happen naturally and provide rich data.
What is a structured observation?
People are observe while engaging in set, specific tasks
What is no-participant observation?
Observer will make interactions from a distance or video taking notes using an observational schedule.
What is participant observation?
Where the researcher joins in e.g Zimbardo
Cons of participant observation?
- Unethical to have a fake identity
- Researcher bias
- Might make participants suspicious , demand characteristics
What is a naturalistic observation? Pros and cons?
Observing behaviour in its natural environment - the researcher must be completely under cover
+ easy to generalise
+ high validity, ecological measures ‘normal’ behaviour
- difficult to set up and control
- significant investments of time, money and luck
What is a controlled observation?
Set up a situation and observe what happens. Not an experiment - no independent or dependent variable. E.g Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation (1969).
What is a covert observation? Pros and cons?
The participants aren’t aware they are being observed.
+ Reduce demand characteristics - natural
- No consent = unethical, need consent
What is an overt observation? Pros and cons?
The participants are aware they are being observed.
+ More ethical
- Demand characteristics
What are the main ethic when it comes to observational techniques?
People must be told they are being observed - however disclosing this can alter their behaviour - observer effect.
