Research Methods/Levels

Question 1

Cognitive/Behavioral Assessments

Answer 1

Stroop test, memory tests, etc.

Question 2

Anatomical

Answer 2

• structural imaging (CT, MRI, DTI)
• functional imaging (PET, fMRI)
• lesion studies
• TMS

Question 3

Electrophysiological

Answer 3

• EEG
• ECoG
• MEG
• ERP
• patch-clamping
• single-unit recordings
• has very good temporal resoultion

Question 4

Biochemical

Answer 4

• pharmacology

- immunocytochemistry

Question 5

Genetic

Answer 5

• gene sequencing
• knockouts
• transgenics

Question 6

Stroop test

Answer 6

• tests executive function

- names of colors in different colors

Question 7

Computed Tomography (CT)

Answer 7

• provides an important tool for imaging neurological pathology
• 3D

Question 8

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Answer 8

• As the magnets realign they send out signals and locations of atoms; use magnet field
• better resolution than ct

Question 9

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

Answer 9

• helps to figure out the wiring of the brain
• offers information about anatomical connec- tivity between regions
• uses water molecules

Question 10

PET

Answer 10

• uses radioactive labeled chemicals injected in the blood to track rCBF
• has limitations because of the radiation
• the blood flow indicates brain activity

Question 11

fMRI

Answer 11

• uses the magnetic properties of hemoglobin to track rCBF

- has better spatial resolution than PET scans

Question 12

Lesion Studies

Answer 12

• only done surgically in animals
• humans are done only by chance accidents
• basically a piece of the brain is cut out and the difference in behavior or function is observed

Question 13

Transcranial magnetic simulation (TMS)

Answer 13

• magnetic field interferes with electrical signals in the brain and can shut down activity in that area
• spatial resolution is not great (other nearby brain areas could be effected)
• works better on the areas near the skull rather than subcortical regions
• if the magnet is too strong, it can induce a seizure

Question 14

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer 14

• different states of consciousness
• good temporal resolution down to the millisecond
• not good spatial resolution

Question 15

Electrocorticography (ECoG)

Answer 15

-better spatial resolution than EEG

Question 16

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Answer 16

• detects the magnetic signals being produced
• electrical currents produce magnetic fields
• expensive
• the orientation of the neurons also effect which brain cells can be detected
• use when in need of a high degree of spatial resolution

Question 17

Event-Related Potentials (ERP)

Answer 17

• a way of using data from EEG,ECoG, and MEG to extract data from recordings
• the random stuff not apart of the sound gets cancelled out
• for MEG called event-related fields
• good temporal resolution

Question 18

Patch clamping

Answer 18

• glass pipet filled with saline solution rather than an electrode
• amazing spatial and temporal resolution

Question 19

Single-Unit Recordings

Answer 19

• stick a wire into the brains

- neurons near the wire can be detected

Question 20

Immunocytochemistry

Answer 20

• the indicators are fluorescent pigments
• create an antibody to bind to the protein your interested in
• one antibody sticks to the protein and another sticks to the first antibody that has the indicator

Question 21

Optogenetics

Answer 21

• use of light to turn neurons on and off

- find a protein that is sensitive to light and use that to breed other animals like mice

Question 22

Knockouts

Answer 22

• knockout animals

- remove a gene to see what changes

Question 23

Transgenic

Answer 23

-take a gene that isn’t usually expressed and insert it into the genome