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COgntive Neuroscience > Chapter 2 Part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Ventricles

A
  • Contains cerebrospinal fluid
  • Without CSF and ventricles the brain would collapse under its weight
  • Cushion the brain/blows to the brain
  • As we sleep, the brain flushes itself out using these mechanisms (glymphatic system)
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2
Q

Horizontal (axial) section

A
  • White matter is axonal tracts covered in myelin sheath
  • Connections between different areas in the brain
  • Gray matter are the soma and dendrites
  • Cerebral cortex (neocortex in humans)
  • Thin layer (bark) on the outside
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3
Q

Midsaggital Section

A
  • Corpus callosum is white matter
    • The biggest commissure
  • Bulges are gyri
  • Spaces in between are sulci
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4
Q

What structures are the oldest?

A

The structures further back in the brain are evolutionarily older than the more forward parts

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5
Q

Brainstem

A
  • medulla
  • pons
  • midbrai
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6
Q

Medulla

A
  • Continuous with the spinal cord
  • Information coming from the body to the brain comes through here and vice versa
  • Breathing, heart rate, organs, reflexive behaviors (vomiting)
  • Damage to it is usually fatal
  • Animals like chickens use mostly the medulla rather than the rest of the brain; can survive without rest of the brain when medulla is intact
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7
Q

Pons

A
  • Same circuitry as the medulla
  • Basic regulatory and motor aspects
  • Responsible for the sleep state of the rest of the brain (REM sleep, signals dreaming)
  • Connected to the cerebellum through cerebellar peduncles
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8
Q

Midbrain

A
  • Produce neurotransmitters and send them forward in the brain
    • Substantia nigra
      • Produces dopamine (movement) and sends it to the basal ganglia
      • Parkinson’s occurs when these cells die
  • Superior colliculi
    - Visual reflexes, eye movement, periphery
  • Inferior colliculi
    - Primitive auditory system
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9
Q

Mike the Headless Chicken

A
  • Farmer sliced off forebrain but kept medulla intact
  • Heart kept beating and lungs kept inflating
  • Survived for 18 months
  • Choked to death
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10
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Has its own cortex (cerebellar cortex)
  • Deep nuclei
  • Balance and coordination
  • Coordinating movement
  • Cerebral hyperplasia (cat demonstration)
  • Can learn to coordinate movements in a new way (seen in sports, dancers, curve balls)
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11
Q

Woman born without a cerebellum

A
  • Walking difficulties
  • Coordinate/learn movements
  • Structural MRI
  • Language problems as well
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12
Q

Purkinje Cell

A
  • Dendrites are dense
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13
Q

Diencephalon Regions

A
  • Thalamus
    • Relay station
  • hypothalamus
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14
Q

Thalamus

A
  • Acts as a gatekeeper in processing information
  • Lateral geniculate nucleus visual
  • Medial geniculate auditory
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15
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Functions
    • Endocrine system (pituitary gland) releases hormones/in charge of all other glands in body/sends signals through hormones that get into your blood and circulate in your body
    • Feeding, fight and flight (response to emergency situations), fucking
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16
Q

Parts of the Basal Ganglia and Function

A 
-	The striatum
o	Caudate
o	Putamen
o	Accumbens* reward behavior
-	Globus pallidus
-	Substantia niagra
-	Subthalamic nucleus
-	Movement
o	Selects one possible motor plan and suppresses the other ones
	Parkinson’s, Huntington’s
17
Q

The Limbic System

A 
-	Hippocampus
o	memory
-	Amygdala
o	Emotional memories
-	Mammillary bodies
o	Memories
18
Q

The Cerebral Cortex

A
  • Gyri and sulci
  • Thin outer layer does the most sophisticated cognitive tasks
  • Bigger brain would mean bigger head which could not get through the birth canal
    o Gyri and sulci to increase surface area without needing a bigger head
19
Q

Ways to Classify Structures Cerebral Cortex

A
  • gross anatomy
  • cytoarchitectonics
  • function
20
Q

Gross Anatomy Classification

A

 Sylvian fissure
 Gyrus and sulcus
 lobes

21
Q

Cytoarchitectonics Classification

A

 Arrangement of cells within different areas of the cortex
 Standard human neocortex has 6 layers in it
 Brodmann regions (52)

22
Q

Function Classification

A

 Sensory cortex
• Sensation, visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory
• Starts outside the brain and flows in
• Somatosensory; temperature, pain
 Motor cortex
• Movement, actions
• Starts in the brain and goes to the muscles
 Association cortex
• Any cortex that is not primarily sensory or motor
• Memory, language processing, attention, problem-solving
 Somatotopic maps

23
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A 
	Association areas
	Executive functions
	Plans for the future
	Decision making
	One of the last areas of the brain to fully mature; early twenties
	Emotional regulation

COgntive Neuroscience (13 decks)

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