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COgntive Neuroscience > Chapter 4 Hemispheric Specialization > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Hemispheric Specialization Flashcards

1
Q

Somatosensation Projections to the contralateral hemisphere

A
  • Blue pathways (precise touch, kinesthesia) begins ipsilateral until it passes the midbrain
  • Red pathways (pain, temperature) cross over and travel contralateral immediately in the spinal cord
  • Both pass through the thalamus before going to the primary somatosensory cortex
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2
Q

Motor cortex controls contralateral muscles

A
  • Descending motor pathway

- As it crosses brainstem moves to the contralateral side

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3
Q

Front facing eyes vs side facing eyes (predator vs. prey)

A
  • For side facing eyes all vision is contralateral
  • Front facing eyes information from the left visual field ends up in the right primary visual cortex regardless of which eye its being detected by and information from the right visual field ends up in the left primary visual cortex
  • Crosses over at the optic chiasm
  • Not based on eye, but on field
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4
Q

Wada Test

A
  • Test what the two hemispheres are capable of independently
  • Done by injecting drug (amobarbital, GABA agonists, sedative) into the common carotid artery
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5
Q

Wada Test: What happens when you put the right hemisphere to sleep?

A
  • you can carry on conversation,
  • Normal memorization
  • Test for medical purposes to determine normal vs, unusual lateralization of function before operating
  • Left hemisphere in the vast majority of people is much more involved in language
  • Right hemisphere, implicit memory?
  • Only done when there is a medical reason
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6
Q

Wada Test: What happens when you put the left hemisphere to sleep?

A
  • the person loses ability to communicate, understand, talk
  • They experience amnesia when asked about memory
  • If you test in ways that don’t use language, such as pointing, it is evident that they remember
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7
Q

Broca’s Area

A
  • Left inferior frontal lobe
  • Paul Broca
  • involved in the expressive aspects of spoken and written language
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8
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A
  • Left Superior temporal gyrus
  • German guy
  • responsible for language development and comprehension of speech
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9
Q

Where does each hemisphere tend to be bigger?

A
  • The right hemisphere tends to be a little bigger in the front anterior
  • The left hemisphere tends to be a little bigger in the back posterior
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10
Q

Differences in the Sylvian Fissure and the Planum Temporale among the hemispheres

A
  • The shape of the sylvian fissure
    • Tends to be more curled
      in the right hemisphere
    • Tends to be flatter in the
      left hemisphere
  • Planum Temporale
    • 2/3 of people is larger in
      left hemisphere in the
      right (controversial)
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11
Q

Differences in cells among the hemispheres

A
  • Right hemisphere
    • The cells tends to be
      smaller
  • Left hemisphere
    • Cells are More spread
      out with fewer
      connections
    • Maybe making more
      specific connections
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12
Q

3 parts of the Corpus Callosum

A

Anterior=genu
Middle=body
Posterior=splenium

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13
Q

What happens when you damage certain parts of the corpus callosum?

A
  • If you damage the genu, frontal lobes cant talk to each other
  • If you damage the splenium, occipital lobes cant talk to each other
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14
Q

Homotopic and Heterotopic connections in the corpus callosum

A
  • Homotopic
    • Left area A projects to
      Right area A
    • Most connections are
      homotopic
  • Heterotopic
    • Left area A projects to
      Right area B and left area
      B
    • Ipsilateral connections
      are mirrored
      contralaterally
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15
Q

Illusions of unity

A
  • All of us have this sense of a unitary I
  • This is probably an illusion
  • Different areas of the brain are doing different things and can disagree with each other
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16
Q

Language and Hemispheres

A
  • Surprising the right brain can read and figure out language
  • Left hemisphere is dominant for language but the right hemisphere can also decipher language
17
Q

Interpreter at work

A

When the left hemisphere does not know why the left hand is pointing to the shovel, it confabulates a story “you need shovels to clean at chicken coops”

18
Q

Left Hemisphere as Interpreter

A
  • Finding patterns externally and internally
  • Trying to make sense of the world externally and internally
  • Confabulation
19
Q

Causal perception

A
  • Understanding relationships between cause and effect; interpreting what you saw; seeing a pool ball going into the hole
  • Right hemisphere has an advantage for causal perception
20
Q

Causal inference

A
  • Inferring the relationship between cause and effect; hearing a crash and finding a cup on the floor and a cat on the table
  • Right hemisphere is terrible at causal inference
  • Left hemisphere excels at causal inference
21
Q

Matching behavior

A
  • Behavior matches the probability of a random event (1/4 right lever vs ¾ left lever)
  • Humans usually do this
  • left hemisphere exhibits this
22
Q

Maximizing behavior

A
  • The better strategy to getting more
  • Pulling left lever all of the time
  • rats usually do this
  • right hemisphere exhibits this
23
Q

Partial Corpus Callosotomy

A
  • Since it Is permanent surgeons may try save some of the corpus callosum
  • Partial split
    • In this case splenium
      (posterior)
    • This cut blocks the
      visual cortex
    • Some information is able
      to cross
      • Higher order
        cognitive, sensory, and
        abstract information
24
Q

Visuopatial tasks

A
  • the right hemisphere is better
  • Right hemisphere and left hand could solve
  • Left hemisphere and right hand could not solve
  • When both hands were used, they fought over dominance in solving the problem
  • Alien hand syndrome
    • People feel as if they are
      not in control of their
      hand
25
Q

Facial Recognition

A
  • Right hemisphere dominates in facial recognition
    • better at recognizing
      familiar other face
  • Left hemisphere shines at recognizing its own face
26
Q

Local features versus Global Features

A
  • Right hemisphere better at global
    • Tonality of voice i.e. sad,
      happy (global)
  • Left hemisphere better at local
    • Words and meanings of
      sentences (local)
27
Q

Brain damage in respect to local and global features

A
  • Right hemisphere damage
    • Only local structure, loss
      of global structure
  • Left hemisphere damage
    • Only global structure,
      loss of local structure

COgntive Neuroscience (13 decks)

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