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COgntive Neuroscience > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

Sensation and Perception

1
Q

Sensation

A

The process through which the senses pick up visual, auditory, and other sensory stimuli and transmit them to the brain

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2
Q

Perception

A

The process by which sensory information is actively organized and interpreted by the brain

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3
Q

Sensory Transduction

A
  • Take something that is a property of the physical world and convert that into something that the nervous system can understand
  • (neuronal signal)
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4
Q

Range

A
  • Receptors have a certain range that they can convert into a neuronal signal
  • things beyond the range cannot be detected
  • Elephants can detect an incredibly low frequency of vibration
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5
Q

Acuity

A

The ability to tell the difference between two stimuli that differ in slight degrees

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6
Q

Adaptation

A
  • Adjust their sensitivity
  • Intune to changes in stimuli rather than constant stimulus
  • Smell of onions
    • The signals eventually
      stop getting sent to the
      brain; the neurons stop
      firing
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7
Q

Audition and 3 perceptual dimensions

A
  • Sound waves, molecules around compress and expand, changes in air pressure
  • Loudness
    • simple
  • Pitch
    • simple
  • Timbre
    • The difference between
    • Property of how complex
      a soundwave is
    • Computer (simple) vs.
      piano (complex)
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8
Q

Pinna

A
  • Outside fleshy part
  • Focus the sound into the inner ear
  • Outer ear is the pinna and ear canal
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9
Q

Tympanic membrane (eardrum)

A
  • Very thin so that even very small changes in air pressure can move it
  • Taking the vibrations of the air and turning them to vibrations of the eardrum
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10
Q

Middle Ear

A
  • 3 bones
  • Trouble in these bones can cause hearing loss
  • Malleus
    • Hammer
    • The ear drum causes the
      malleus to move
  • Stapes
    • Stirrup
    • The incus causes the
      stapes to move
  • Incus
    • Anval
    • The malleus causes the
      incus to move
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11
Q

Inner Ear

A
  • Cochlea
  • Vestibular sense (above the cochlea)
  • Full of fluid
  • When you change the orientation of your head the fluid moves through the tubes
  • Sensors that are capable of detecting the movement of the fluid and transduce them to neuronal signals in the brain
  • Cerebellum
  • Motion sickness
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12
Q

COchlea: BAsilar Membrane

A
  • Hair cells
  • Stereocilia
  • The fluid moving cause the basilar membrane to vibrate
  • This causes the stereocilia to move back and forth causing the hair cell to generate action potentials
  • The signals get sent to the brain
  • Ion channels located inside the stereocilia
    • Mechanically gated
    • Need to be pulled open
    • Thin protein chain called
      a tip link attaches the ion
      channel to a neighboring
      stereocilia
  • potassium and calcium depolarize the cell
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13
Q

Auditory nerve

A
  • Made up of axons leaving the hair cells

- Hard to tell the difference between high frequency sounds because the neurons cant fire that fast

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14
Q

Basilar Membrane and Frequency

A
  • The basilar membrane is not uniform throughout its length
  • The base is closes to stapes
  • The tip is called the apex
  • Down by the base the membrane is stiffer
  • As we move to the apex the membrane is much more flexible
  • Different parts of the membrane will vibrate in response to different sounds
  • The base vibrates in response to higher frequency of sound because its stiffer
  • The apex vibrates in response to lower frequency
  • So some hair cells send more signals than other depending on the type of sound detected
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15
Q

Place Coding of Frequency

A

The way in which the frequency of sound is interpreted and encoded is dependent on what place of the basilar membrane hair cells are sending signals

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16
Q

Inner Hair Cells

A

Transduces signals into neuronal signals

17
Q

Outer Hair Cells

A
  • Receive neuronal signals which causes them to vibrate
  • Preamplification
    • Helps to improve the
      range of amplitude we are
      able to detect
  • Without these we would not have a tremendous range
  • Otoacoustic emissions
  • Uses microphone to hear the cells
18
Q

Cochlear Implants

A
  • Severe type of hearing loss
  • Take a strip of electrodes and put it against the basilar membrane
  • Bypasses the hair cells that are not working
19
Q

Receptive fields

A
  • the region of stimulus “space” that cause a neuron to respond
  • Space=different areas on skin with touch for example
  • Differ in size
  • Only a specific area that will cause the neuron to fire
20
Q

Primary auditory cortex neurons are

A
  • very small and selective
21
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex and Tonotopic Maps

A
  • Tonotopic map
  • Based on frequency
  • One end responds primarily to low range of frequencies, and the other end gets higher and higher
  • timbre
  • Figuring out what you are hearing requires a lot of perception
  • Goes to primary auditory cortex and then off to association areas
22
Q

Dorsal cochlear nucleus

A

Where along a vertical axis is the sound coming from

23
Q

Superior olivary nucleus

A
  • Where on a horizontal axis is the sound coming from
  • 2 ques about a sound that helps
    • Interaural time (intensity)
    • Time difference (brief)
      when a sound hits the left
      vs. right ear when it comes
      from one of the sides
    • Hits both ears at the same
      time if the sound is in the
      front or back
24
Q

The ridges in the pinna

A
  • When sounds are coming from different axis and hot the ridges on the pinna reflect into the inner ear differently
  • Alters the sound slightly=
25
Q

Inferior colliculus

A
  • auditory reflexes
26
Q

Localizing the source of sounds

A
  • Neurons wont fire if they receive input upon only one ear
  • Must hit the neurons at the same time to produce and action potential
  • Neurons will only fire if they receive two inputs from the two ears
  • Different distance of travel time
  • When the sound hits the ear at two different times it changes the action potential
27
Q

Olfaction (Smell)

A
  • Chemicals (smell, odor, sense)
    • Physical stimulus
  • Chemicals are transduced at the nasal epithelium
    • upper sinus, near the
      brain
    • Bipolar receptors
      embedded in the nasal
      mucosa
      • Neurons can replace
        themselves due to
        exposure in the sinuses
    • Capable of detecting
      sense
28
Q

Shape vs. Vibrational Theories of olfaction

A

Shape theory
- Different shapes will activate a different combination of receptors
- The pattern of receptors that are activated allow the perception of different odors
- Therefore same shape would = same smell
- This has been disproven
Vibrational theory
- Vibrations of the molecules allow for perception
- If two different molecules have the same shape, but vibrate differently they can be distinguished
- Not sure which theory is correct

29
Q

Pathway of olfaction

A
  • Bone has pores in it that allow axons to pass through
  • The axons go to the olfactory bulb
    • Axons synapse onto the
      glomerulus
    • Combines information
      from sensory receptors to
      figure out what the smell
      is
  • Next goes to the primary olfactory cortex
    • Does not stop in the
      thalamus first
    • Older structure
    • In a much older type of
      cortex in the brain
      (puriform cortex, only 3
      layers to it)
      Limbic system = emotion and memory
30
Q

Taste

A
  • Physical signal that must be transduced = chemicals
  • Receptors embedded in the papillae (bumps on the tongue)
  • Inside the crevices of the papillae are the taste buds, receptors
  • Other areas like the back of the throat have the ability to detect taste
  • Diversity of chemicals
    • salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami (savory)
  • Evolutionary
    • Foods that are high in sugar are high in energy
    • Bitter was an indication of poison or harm
  • Conditioned taste eversion
  • The flavor of the food has more to do with olfaction than gustation
31
Q

Gustation Pathway

A
  • Travels from the vagus cranial nerve to the brainstem
  • Area of the brain responsible for vomiting
  • Information goes to thalamus
  • Then the primary gustatory cortex
  • Orbital frontal cortex
32
Q

Somatosensation

A
  • touch
  • temperature
  • nociception
  • proprioception
33
Q

touch

A
  • physical stimulus: pressure
  • Fingertips, palm of hand, lips = hairless, very sensitive
  • Merkel’s cell
    Adapt slower?
    Meissner’s corpuscle
    Adapt quicker
  • Pacinian corpuscle
  • Ruffini corpuscle
  • Fast adaption vs slow adaption
    Fast = constant pressure will stop firing
    Slow = constant pressure will still fire
  • Acuity, how much pressure you need to hold things, texture (quick), vibrations (quick)
  • Deep receptors vs those close to the surface
34
Q

temperature

A
  • physical stimulus: thermal energy
35
Q

nociception

A

Ps: Damage to body

Pain, extreme cold and heat

36
Q

proprioception

A
  • Sense of body position
  • Damage will result in “loss” of body position; you only know where your body limbs are when you’re looking at it; many can’t walk
  • Related to sense of balance
37
Q

Lateral Inhibition

A
  • Greatest activation is right underneath the touch, however closer ones are also firing
  • Skin elasticity = pushing on one area causes pressure on the surrounding areas of the skin
  • Receptive fields are wider than would be ideal
  • As the signal get passed on to the next set of neurons (y1 to y2) it activates inhibitory neurons that project to lateral channels = it excites y2 while inhibiting the neighboring channels
  • Leads to tug of war between neighbor channels
  • The strongest channel inhibits its neighbors more than the neighbors inhibit it
  • Process reduces receptive fields so that you have more touch acuity
  • Important for edge detection
  • Increase acuity of our sense of touch
  • If not for lateral inhibition it would be difficult for the brain to pinpoint touch

COgntive Neuroscience (13 decks)

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