Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Social Psych > Research Methods + history > Flashcards

Research Methods + history Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What is a theory?

A

integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events

ideas that summarize and explain facts
gives research direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events.

testable predictions
allow us to test theories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the qualities of a good theory

A
  1. effectively summarizes observations and makes clear predictions
  2. able to confirm or modify it
  3. can gnerate new research
  4. suggest practical applications
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is random sampling?

A

every person in population has equal chance at inclusion

not many random samples are taken in studies (hard to get random sample of entire world)

many groups are represented
non random sampling is skewed by interest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How to formulate the right questions in research?

A
  1. construct questions in a way that doesn’t invoke bias
  2. using proper wording

matters how you say/ask things

wording in questions affect answers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Correlational Research

A

the study of two or more variables and their naturally occuring relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe this study.

Douglas Carroll 1944

A

In glasgow, noted life spans of 843 people. Measured height of gravestone pillars (height reflected cost of it or wealth). Wealth predicted longer lives.

correlational study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Disadvantages and Advantages

Correlational Research

A

advantages: examining variables in natural setting
disadvantage: ambiguity in cause and effect

Indicates relationships, or variables changing together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

define

experimental research

A

manipulating variables to determine cause and effects.

Lab simulations

different levels of independents, dependents, constants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

define

random assignment

A

The process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being in a given condition

takes place in experiments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Advantages and disadvantages

experimental research

A

adv: explore cause and effect by manipulating/controlling variables

dis: not all variables can be studied with experiments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define

Replication

A

Repeating a research study, often with different participants in different settings, to determine whether a finding could be reproduced.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

define

Mundane Realism

Ethics of experimentation

A

Degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations

experiemetns dont NEED to have this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define

meta-analysis

A

study of studies

summarizing results across studies to discover average effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

experimental realism

Ethics of experimentation

A

Degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Deceptions

A

Participants not knowing the studys true purpose (in order for it run smoothly and accurately)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

“cues” from experiment that demand certain behavior

minimize these in experiements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Informed Consent

A

An ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Debriefing

A

disclosing any decpeiton, the true purpose of the study and more post experiment

20
Q

What does the APA require of experimenters?

A
  1. enable informed consent
  2. Be truthful and only use deception if needed, do not deceive patients
  3. protect people from harm
  4. keep info about people confidential
  5. debrief participants fully after
21
Q

Where does research happen?

A
  1. Labs
    2.Online
  2. Field research
22
Q

Pros and Cons

Labs

A

Pros: A lot of things are under control
Cons: Artifical environment (weak external validity)

23
Q

pros and cons

Online

A

pros: a lot of data, quick, cheap, convenient
Cons: not a lot of control in many areas

24
Q

pros and cons

field research

A

pros: more organic environment, good external validity
cons: can be a lot of trial and error, also not as much control

25
Q

Tuskegee Experiment

1932-1973, US public health service

A
  • involed 400 low income African American males
  • Researchers were studying Syphillis
    in 1947 cure (penicllin) was discovered however experiment carried on
  • Despite cure, they would still see the men and not give treatment for sake of experiement
26
Q

1976 The Belmont Report

Developed by a commission to protect rights and welfare of participants

A
  1. Respect for persons and their autonomy (cannot coerce people, informed consent of study)
  2. benficience and nonmalificience (do good and do no harm, measure risk benefit analysis)
  3. Justice (people are allowed to reap rewards of study)
  4. Trust (Confidentiality and debriefing, good reason for deception)
  5. Fidelity and Scientific Integrity (Be realistic, is the study worth doing?)

5 moral principles

27
Q

What kind of deception is this?

Deception by commission, someone in study is in on deception (called confederate)

A

Active Deception

28
Q

What kind of deception is this?

Deception by omission, you do not tell participants EVERYTHING about the study. It would ruin the point.

A

Passive Deception

29
Q

What does “statistically significant” mean?

A

a result has a very low chance of happening if there was no true effect in study

probability that it happened or didnt happen by chance

30
Q

Replicability

A

if someone gave you methodology, could you produce the same result?

highly desireable

31
Q

Reproducibility

A

If someone gave you their data set would you be able to analyze it and come to the same conclusion?

highly desireable

32
Q

1897

A
  • Norman triplett first social psych experiment
  • tested/observed cyclists if they perfomed faster by themselves or around others (social facilitation)
  • found they perfromed better around others
33
Q

1929

A
  • beginning of attitudes research
  • first public opinion polling institutes 1934
  • Thurstones book measurements of attitudes
34
Q

1930s

A

social issues (prevalent in USA at this time)
* Society of psychological study of social issues formed 1936

35
Q

Kurt Lewin 1930

A

born in germany of 1932
first to introduce theory
* action research (want to learn something? –> change it)
* Group Dynamics (how does one become a leader of group)
* Behavior = function of person and their environment
b=f(P,E)

9

36
Q

1950-early 60s

A

BOOM
* theory continues to develop
* people continuing after Lewin research
* methods were unethical

things like obedience, conformity, etc were studied

37
Q

mid 60s to early 70s

A

crisis of confidence
* excitement around social psych starts to die down
* methods were criticized
* rift between basic vs applied (how something works in mind vs actually applying it)
* no people like kurt

38
Q

1980s

A

made it out
* basic and applied come together
* start studying social cognition
* computers!
* started to advance

39
Q

1990s to 2010

A

field expanding more things to research
culture
more applied issues (AIDS, prejudice)
social neuro

40
Q

2011 to now

A
  • Replicability and reproducibility crisis!!!
  • not happening
41
Q

Why might results not replicate or reproduce?

A
  • social norms/cutlure changing
  • bias in looking for cccertain types of results
  • accesbility to tools/resources needed
  • data fabrication/research fraud
  • Errors/unintended inaccuracies (publication bias toward significant results)
  • Questionable research practices (HARKing and pHacking)
42
Q

What is the this kind of ?? research Practice

hypothisis after the results are known

A

HACKing

43
Q
A
44
Q

what is this kind of ?? research practice

only reporting from significant results
mutliple conditons but collapsing conditions that dont have signif. results
only reporting experiments that ‘worked’

A

pHacking

45
Q

What is ‘Open Science’ Practice?

A

general principles of transparency, reproducibility, replicability
SHARE KNWOLEDGE MAKE IT OPEN TO PEOPLE!!

Social Psych (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions