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Social Psych > CHP 5 TB: Genes, Culture, and Gender > Flashcards

CHP 5 TB: Genes, Culture, and Gender Flashcards

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1
Q

We not only share common biology but common…

A

behavioral tendencies

universal behaviors and language patterns

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2
Q

Humans are intensely…

A
  • social
  • we join groups and conform
  • recognize distinctions of social status
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3
Q

Where do universal behaviors rise from?

A

from our biological similarity

they define human nature

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4
Q

Shipman 2003

A
  • we are all african
  • people migrated from Africa to various parts of the world due to climate change/food availability
  • those who went north developed lighter skin pigments compared to those who stayed in africa
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5
Q

Define Natural selection

A

the evolutionary process by which heritable traits that best enable organisms to survive/reproduce in environments are passed to the next generations

basically, the traits that best promote survival and reproduction of an organism in an environment are passed to their offspring/next generation

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6
Q

Name the key points of
“natural selection enables evolution”

A
  • organisms have numerous/various offspring
  • offspring compete for survival in environment
  • certain biological/behavioral INCREASE their chance of survival/reproduction
  • offspring that do survive/reproduce end up passing those traits onto the next gen
  • general population characteristics change over time as well
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7
Q

Natural selection genes that increase survival long enough for reproduction become….

A

MORE ABUNDANT

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8
Q

define evolutionary psychology

A

the study of the evolution of cognition/behavior using principles natural selection

Charles Darwin 1859, natural selection

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9
Q

evol. psych

Why are humans the way they are…

A

because nature selected those who had more advantageous traits

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10
Q

evol. psych

What does natural selection predispose…

A

it predisposes psychological traits and social behaviors that enhance preservation and the spread of genes

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11
Q

Evol. psych

What are human brains the product of?

A

they are the product of what helped our hunter-gatherer ancestors survive

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12
Q

What do we long for from our ancestors in terms of evolutionary psychology?

A

we long for the wahtever helped them survive, reproduce and nurture their offspring to –> survive/reproduce

even negative emotions

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13
Q

What is one of the most researched areas in SOCIAL PSYCH?

A

gender differences

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14
Q

Gender

Define sex

A
  • biological categories (male/female)
  • based on chromosomes, genitals and secondary sex characteristics

biological assignment

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15
Q

define gender

A
  • Refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women

what do i feel i am? no based on biology

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16
Q

What has changed with the terms** sex and gender** with time?

A
  • these terms used to be very rigid but not anymore
  • doctors advise that surgery for intersex children be postponed until they express their identity
  • **some people identify as gender fluid or non binary **

time has changed these terms basically

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17
Q

Define transgender

A
  • someone whose psychological sense of being male or female differs from their birth sex
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18
Q

gender and mating preferences

Describe male preferences in mating

A
  • have unlimited reproductive capabilities
  • favor youthful appearances and characterisitics that suggest fertility
  • stronger sex drive because it is a cheaper investment
  • men compete with other men for chances to win genetic sweepstakes (sending their genes into the future)

men look to reproduce widely not wisely like women

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19
Q

gender and mating preferences

Describe female mating preferences

A
  • look for signs of resources and commitment in mating partners
  • look for men who can provide external resources and physical protection for offspring
  • mating is a great investment in each child and reproduction capabilities are limited

men will strive to provide what a woman wants in a partner

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20
Q

gender and mating preferences

What do both men and women look for in partners

A

kindness, love, and mutual attraction

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21
Q

gender and hormones

What are the two ways sex differences are rooted biologically?

A

Hormones and Role Demands

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22
Q

gender and hormones

What is the hormone that plays a crucial part in differences in dominance and aggression?

A

Testosterone
* it is more prevalent in men than women

men tend to be more aggressive (influenced by T)

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23
Q

What is the GENETIC difference between men and women?

A

differ on only 1 chromosome out of 46
the y chromosome (male)
-which directs testicle formation

24
Q

gender and hormones

What does Hines 2004, and Belts et al., 2011 state?

A

Girls exposed to more T in fetal development tend to exhibit more tomboyish behavior, and resemble males in their career preferences

25
Q

Reflections on evolutionary psychology

What do critics suggest about evolutionary psychology

A

that they can hardly ever lose if they are employing hindsight bias

26
Q

Culture and Behavior

Define Culture

A

enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to next

shared human biology enables cultural diversity

27
Q

Culture and Behavior

What is the hallmark of our species

A

our capacity to learn and adapt

28
Q

Culture and Behavior

Roy Baumeister 2005

A
  • cultural animal book
  • culture is a better way of being social
  • culture facilitates our survival and reproduction
  • culture helps us become something MORE than the sum of talents, efforts, and other individ blessings
29
Q

What is important to remember about culture and biology

A

That they are two seperate influences

30
Q

Define

the science of epigenetics

A

study of environmental influences that occur without DNA change

31
Q

Culture and Behavior

Describe some important aspects of Cultural Diversity

A
  • diversity of languages, customs and expressive behaviors confirms our behavior is* socially programed NOT hardwired*
  • confronting another culture is sometimes startling (culture shock)
  • being around diverse cultural backgrounds helps understand our own cultural influences
32
Q

Culture and Behavior

Define Norms

A

Standards for accpeted and expected behavior

proper behavior basically

33
Q

Culture and Behavior

Describe some important aspects to norms

A
  • all cultures differ on these in some way but also have some accepted ideas about appropriate behavior
  • they can restrain/control us
  • learn about our own norms by visiting different cultures and seeing how they act
34
Q

What are some ways cultures differ in norms?

A
  1. individual choices (individualistic vs collectivist cultures)
  2. expressiveness and punctuality (latin america vs USA)
  3. Rule following (very important in collectivist cultures)
  4. personal space
35
Q

Culture and Behavior

Describe this study
Patterson & Lizuka 2007

A

examined differences in pedestrian interactions (USA vs Japan)
* observer stood and watched a passing interaction between an accomplice and participant
* three observations were avoidance, glancing at accomplice or glancing and smiling
* found that USA was more likely to reciprocate smiles

  • field experiment of 1000 participants
36
Q

Culture and Behavior

Describe personal space more

A
  • we like to contain a buffer zone around our bodies (depends on culture but also familiarity)
  • norms changed with personal space in covid
  • this differs on individual level too
36
Q

Culture and Behavior

Describe rule following in collectivist cultures

A
  • very important
  • more likely to stigmatize people who are seen as different
  • historically more likely to experience threats if rules are broken
37
Q

Culture and Behavior

Judith Rich Harris and peer transmitted culture

A

how traditions are preserved across generations
* children/teens care more about what their friends think
* Parenting matters in terms of values, political affiliations etc but not really much on personality traits
* most of it is peer influence aka friends not family

wrote the book the nurture assumptions

38
Q

Cultural similarity

What are the five universal dimensions of social beliefs

Leung and Bond 2004

A
  • Cynicism
  • Social Complexity
  • Reward for application
  • spirituality
  • fate control

how much we are similar is usually larger than how we differ

39
Q

Culture and gender

Define gender roles

A

a set of norms for males and females

what it means to be a man and woman differs culture to culture

40
Q

Culture and Gender

What do Wood and Early say about gender roles (2000,2002)

A

culture reinforces gender roles that may have originated from biological demands
* women needed to stay close to home so they gathered
* men hunted because they didnt have to

41
Q

Gender and Culture

what has men physcial strength led to in society

A

PATRIARCHY

42
Q

Gender and culture

Describe the journey of gender roles over time

A
  • 1996 saw a big switch
  • women are seen as more competent than men compared to past
  • gender gap in household chores flipped
  • women were becoming doctors/lawyers
  • many gender difference still exist but time bends gender roles as we can see
43
Q

Differences in men and women

What are some areas men and women differ

A
  1. independence vs connectedness
  2. Vocations
  3. Family relations
  4. Smiling
  5. Empathy
44
Q

Men and women

describe this difference
independence vs connectedness

A
  • Women play and talk in smaller groups (more emphasis on close relationships)
  • Women tend to describe themselves in relational terms
  • womens language is usually warmer, compassionate men are opposite
  • women are more aware of how their actions affect people
  • men value independence more compared to women
45
Q

men and women

Describe this difference more
Vocation

A

women are more interested in jobs dealing with people, and less math intensive

men like jobs to do with things, and jobs that enhance inequalities, value earnings more as well

46
Q

men and women

describe this difference more
empathy

A

women are described as more empathetic than men

could be due to the fact women are better at encoding (reading) emotions

47
Q

Which is the more dominant/aggressive sex?

A

men
* also seen as more aggressive/driven
* also why they are more considered with femininity than women
* women commit more indirect forms of aggression (gossip)

men also have higher sex drive

48
Q

Alice Eagly and wendy wood
social role theory of gender differences in social behavior

A
  1. biology and culture interact
  2. create divison labor between sexes
  3. creates gender role expectations and gender related skills/beliefs
  4. which in sum creates gender differences in behavior
49
Q

Culture

What are the 4 main culture influence

A
  1. emotions
  2. attitudes
  3. beliefs
  4. behaviors
50
Q

Define each
1. gender identity
2. attraction
3. expression
4. sex

A
  1. who you feel you are
  2. who you are attracted to
  3. what you express
  4. biological
51
Q

Ross Buck 1974

A

senders and receivers
* watch highly emotional videos and videotaped
* sender = they look at emotional signals you are sending in videotapes
* receiver = they are looking at people who are given tapes and asked to guess what people are watching
* women were easier to read vs men
* they rated feeling the same in their emotional states but men were more confusing

women express more emotion and better at encoding

52
Q

Weigand et al., 2021 study

A

diary study of men and women
* 75 days of assessments
* women were more expressive with emotions (this does not mean they are MORE emotional)

53
Q

gender and communication?

A
  • women engage in more tentative speech like being uncertain (im not sure…), hedges (i think…), tag questions(…right?)

this reinforces stereotypes (less competent and nicer)

54
Q

gender and communication

Lakoff 1973

A

proposed that differences in communication stem from the different roles men/women hold in society
men –> dominant positions –> assertive speech
women –>subordiante positions –> tentative speech

55
Q

gender and communication

Leaper & Robnett (2011)

adding to lakoff

A

meta analysis of gender differences in tentative language
* womens tendency to indulge in tentative language was due to interpersonal sensitivty instead of lack of assertiveness

sample size of 29 studies with 39 independent samples

56
Q

men and women

differences in non verbal communication

A
  1. eye contact (women make less eye contact, but are stared at more)
  2. body language (women take up less space)
  3. Distance/touch (women are more touchy)
  4. smiles (women tend to smile more and in a non duchenne way or fake way)

Social Psych (11 decks)

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