CHP 3: Social beliefs, judgements, and perceptions

Question 1

father of attribution theory?

Answer 1

Heider 1958

Question 2

Attribution

Answer 2

what we attribute or own/peoples behavior to

Question 3

Kelley Corvariation Model

Answer 3

WHY IS THE BOSS YELLING AT HANNAH??
internal or external attributions

Question 4

Internal Attribution

Answer 4

• look at internal factors to explain
• the person they are/dispostional attribution
• united states love this

boss yells at hannah because he is aggressive as a person

Question 5

external attribution

Answer 5

• situational
• attribute behavior to environment/external factors

Boss is frustrated and having a bad day so he yelled at hannah

Question 6

What kind of information helps you distinguish between external and internal attribtuions?

Answer 6

1. consensus - extent to which other people behave the same way toward stimuli (everyone yells at hannah?)
2. distinctiveness - does actor behave in similar way to diff stimuli (does boss yell at everyone?)
3. Consistency - extent to which behavior between one stimuli and actor is consistent (does boss always yell at hannah?)

Question 7

What is the **fundamental attribution error? **

Answer 7

• tendency to overestimate internal factors and underestimating external factors when attributing behavior

Question 8

Jones and Harries 1967 fidel castro study

Answer 8

students were asked to read something that either supported or didnt support fidel castro written by fellow student

then asked to guess the authors opinion

condition A: author was given free choice
B: you are told author had no choice; told what stance to write

DV: how much you believe student supports/does not support Fidel

found similar results no matter what they were told.

Question 9

Internal attribution’s role in prejudice.

Answer 9

• reinforces ideas of stereotypes instead of looking at environmental/systemic factors that got someone somewhere
• culture dictates whether you take step to after internal attribution

Question 10

explain why percepual salience is important?

Answer 10

overestimating the causal role of perceptually salient info
we notice people more than situations
whatever you are looking at is perceptually salient

Question 11

perceptual salience experiment

FISKE and TAYLOR 1975

Answer 11

observers stated the person they were looking at the most contributed more to conversation
we hone in on what we are looking at

Question 12

actor/observer difference

Answer 12

we tend to internally attribute others but externally attribute ourselves

Question 13

what are the 3 ways of perceiving others?

Answer 13

1. verbal - what we are saying
2. nonverbal - what we dont say
3. paralinguistic - how we say things

Question 14

thin slices of behavior experiment

Ambady and Rosenthal 1993

Answer 14

30 undergrads were shown silent video clips of professors and asked to rate them on personal qualities

ratings were reliable

Question 14

Why do we use nonverbal behavior?

Answer 14

1. to express emotion
2. to convey attitudes
3. communicate our own traits
4. facilitate verbal communication

Question 14

What are the visible channels we use?

Answer 14

1. Facial Expressions
2. eye contact
3. body language and gestures
4. distance and touching

Question 15

Macro facial expressions

Answer 15

• obvious expressions last 1/2 - 4 seconds
• match content and tone of what is said

Question 16

Micro Facial Expressions

Answer 16

often misinterpreted or totally missed
* occur in 1/2 second or less
* unconsciously displayment of concealed emotion
* a leak of emotion that shows how someone is truly feeling

Question 17

what is the difference?

Encoding emotions
vs
Decoding emotions

Answer 17

encode = expression of emotions
decode = interpretation of emotions
we can decode 6 basic emotions
anger,fear,sadness,happiness,surprise and disgust

Question 18

Ekman & friesen (1960s-70s)

Answer 18

asked tribe that had no contact with western civilization to match facial expressions photos to stories told with emotional content

Question 19

What is the evolutionary value in decoding emotions?

Answer 19

detecting anger!

Question 20

what affects our decoding accuracy?

Answer 20

1. affective blends (one side of face showing diff emotion than other)
2. culture (different cultural rules which leads to assumptions
3. lying or deception

Question 21

Self fulfilling beliefs

Rosenthal and Jacobsen 1968
4 factor theory

Answer 21

gave students placement tests
bloomers = scored very well
1. climate
2. input (giving challenging work)
3. output (more opporutnities to bloomers)
4. feedback (giving more feedback to help them)

someones beliefs will influence their behavior toward you

Question 22

System 1

Answer 22

intuition

influences more of our action than we realize

Question 23

System 2

Answer 23

requires conscious effort and attention

Question 24

Describe

Priming

Answer 24

• things we dont consciously notice affect how we interpret/recall events
• activation of particular associations
• occurs when stimuli is presented briefly

Question 25

Bargh and Chartran 1999

Answer 25

persons everyday life is not conscious processes BUT mental processes that are put in motion by features of environment that are subconscious

Question 26

Embodied Cognition

Answer 26

mutual influence of bodily sensations of cognitive preferences/social judgements

Question 27

Behavioral Confirmation

Answer 27

type of self fulfilling prophecy
where peoples social expectation lead them to behave in ways that confirm expectations

Question 28

what falls under system 1

system 1

Answer 28

skills and conditioned dispositions

Question 29

what falls under system 2

system 2

Answer 29

facts, names, past experiences

Question 30

overconfidence

Answer 30

tendency to be confident instead of correct, overestimate accuracy of ones beliefs

Question 31

Confirmation Bias

Answer 31

searching for info that confirms ones preconceptions

Question 32

What is an heuristic and each of its types?

Answer 32

they are mental shortcuts
availability - how available info is in memory
representative - quick judgment of category fitting

Question 34

Counterfactual thinking

Answer 34

Imagining alternative scenarios that mightve happened but didnt

Question 35

illusory correlation

Answer 35

perception of a realtionship that does not exist (or a strong one)

Question 37

Joseph Forgas

Answer 37

how does mood color our judgments
temporary bad mood or good mood influences attitudes towards videotaped behavior

rose colored lenses vs dark colored lenses depends on mood

Question 38

Belief perserverance

Answer 38

holding onto initial conceptions when beliefs are discredited

Question 39

misnformation effect

Answer 39

incorporating misinfo into memory of event after witnessing an event and receiving misleading info

Question 40

spontaneous trait inference

Answer 40

automatic inference of a trait after exposure to ones behavior

Question 41

Lee Ross

Answer 41

Contestants/observers of a simulated quiz game assumed that whoever had the role of the questioner was more knowledgeable than the contestant, but in reality the assigned roles of questioner and contestant made questioner seem knowledge