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ALEVEL Psychology Edexcel > ⭐ • Research Methods: Ethics > Flashcards

⭐ • Research Methods: Ethics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the core concept that revolves around analysing ethics in research methods that should be referred to in conclusions?

A

Do the ends justify the means?

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2
Q

What are the 4 ethical principles?

A
  • Respect
  • Competence
  • Responsibility
  • Intergrity
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3
Q

Define Respect as an ethical principle

A

When methods include:
* Informed consent
* Confidentiality
* Privacy
* Right to Withdraw

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4
Q

Define Competence as an ethical principle

A

When methods include:
* Awareness of professional ethics
* Consistently making ethical decisions e.g. Including right to withdraw

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5
Q

Define Responsibility as an ethical principle

A

When methods include:
* Protection from physical or psychological harm
* Debriefing participants of true aim of research/ study

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6
Q

Define Integrity as an ethical principle

A

When methods include:
* Being honest
* Avoiding deception (Not knowing true aim)
* Addressing misconduct

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7
Q

Why is deception an unfortunate requirement in most sucessful psychological studies/ research methods?

A

Because if participants were not decived and they therefore knew the true aim to an experiment the results could loose their validity as participants may display demand characteristics

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8
Q

What are the 5 ethical guidelines when it comes to using human participants?

A
  • Competence
  • Consent
  • Debrief
  • Deception
  • Right to Withdraw
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9
Q

Define Competence as an ethical guideline for human participants

A
  • Having the qualifications to carry out study safely
  • Understanding implications of study
  • Understanding ethical guidelines
  • Adering to Data protection act and knowing where and how to store data
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10
Q

Define Consent as an ethical guideline for human participants

A
  • Participants have to formally agree to take part
  • Should be informed all information that doesnt disrupt validity of results
  • Children or other special instances may recieve informed consent or loco parentis
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11
Q

Define Debreif as an ethical guideline for human participants

A
  • Occurs after an experiment and explains all events and true aim of experiment
  • Should also include explanation of findings
  • Researchers have a duty of care for participants, if showing signs of distress its their responsibility to administer help e.g. counciling/ therapy
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12
Q

Define Deception as an ethical guideline for human participants

A
  • Often a study requires deception to work correctly
  • When participants are deceived and not informed of true nature of experiment
  • Debrief helps to combat this after experiment has ended
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13
Q

Define the Right to Withdraw as an ethical guideline for human participants

A
  • Participants should have right to withdraw from study
  • Participants should be fully aware of this right & be reminded
  • Participants should know this applies to any time during study
  • Participants must also know that they are capable of withdrawing their results at the end of the study if they so please and have them destroyed
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14
Q

What does the protection of participants require researchers to do/ be aware of?

A
  • Researchers must be aware that all participants can react differently to an experiment and must express their duty of care for them at all times
  • Must also ensure participants are capable of participating safley (Competence) e.g. Burger’s study with the screening to get rid of ‘weaker’ participants to prevent catalysation of distress
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15
Q

What is confidentiality and why is it important?

A
  • Confidentiality is the upkeeping of a participants privacy
  • It is important to preseve the identity and personal information of participants to maintain anonymity
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16
Q

What is an easy method to maintain anonymity?

A

Assigning participants numbers, therefore removing their identity from their data

17
Q

What are the 2 types of observation?

A
  • Non-covert participant observation
  • Covert participant observaiton
18
Q

What is non-convert participant observation?

A

When you just observe participants and tally the behaviour you are seeing, no interaction with observee

19
Q

What is covert participant observation?

A

When you observe participant via actually interacting with them

20
Q

Can you engage in non-covert participant observation anywhere? If so, where can you and where can you not?

A
  • No, you cant just observe people wherever
  • You can observe people in public spaces e.g. cafe
  • You cannot observe people in private regions e.g. in the bathroom or when they are at home as that can be deemed as an invasion of privacy
21
Q

What are the 5 ethical guidelines when it comes to using animals?

A
  • Cost-benefit consideration
  • Qualification
  • Non-animal alternatives if possible
  • Discomfort
  • Equipped
22
Q

Define Cost-benefit Consideration as an ethical guideline for animals

A
  • Cost-benefit analysis involves considering the cost of the study
  • Is what you are putting the animals through justifiable for the results/ findings
  • If benefits to research outweigh cost, research can go ahead
23
Q

Define Qualification as an ethical guideline for animals

A
  • Researchers must be qualified and competent and must ensure those they supervise have appropriate skills
  • e.g. In UK a reseacher must have a personal licence
24
Q

Define having Non-animal alternatives if possible as an ethical guideline for animals

A
  • Research can only be done if alternative methods that** do not use animals** ahve been sought/ attempted e.g. a computer model
25
Q

Define Discomfort as an ethical guideline for animals

A
  • Any stress or discomfort must be kept to an absolute miniumum e.g. pain minimised as much as possible
26
Q

Define being Equipped as an ethical guideline for animals

A
  • Premises must be suitably equipped e.g. caging must be ethical and suitable for the species being used
  • Should also be provision (supplyment) for anasthetic procedures if required
27
Q

List 2 types of animals that can give consent due to assumed higher cognition than other animal species

A
  • Dolphins
  • Great apes
    Gorillas, Orangutans, Chimpanzies, Bonobos
    (+ Humans)
28
Q

What is a power of attourney?

A

A legal document that allows for others to consent in replacement for another/ somneone who isnt able to consent for themselves

ALEVEL Psychology Edexcel (26 decks)

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