Cognitive⚙️ • Multi Store Model + Studies

Question 1

What is the Multi-store Model?

Answer 1

An explanation of how memory functions, uses 3 stores to represent different areas of memory. It also describes how information is transferred from one store to another, how its remembered and how its forgotten

Question 2

What is sensory memory?

Answer 2

A store that holds information that is detected by sensory organs

Question 3

What is short-term memory (STM)?

Answer 3

A store that temporarily holds information that has been attended towards

Question 4

What is long-term memory (LTM)?

Answer 4

A store that holds information that has been transferred from the short-term memory, only if that information has been rehearsed

Question 5

What is encoding?

Answer 5

The format in which information is stored in various memory stores

Question 6

What is storage?

Answer 6

The process of holding information in memory

Question 7

What is retrieval?

Answer 7

The process of transferring information from the LTM to the STM (recalling information)

Question 8

What is capacity?

Answer 8

The amount of information that can be held within a specific memory store

Question 9

What is duration?

Answer 9

The length of time infromationn can be held within a specifc memory store

Question 10

Give the specifics of sensory memory

Answer 10

Temporary memory store (Info lasts briefly)
* Encoding: Sense-specific (different stores for each sense)
* Capacity: large, all sensory experiences
* Duration: 1/2 a second

Question 11

Give the specifics of short-term memory (STM)

Answer 11

Limited & Temporary memory store
* Encoding: Acoustic
* Capacity: 7 +/- 2 items
* Duration: 18-30 seconds

Question 12

Give the specifics of long-term memory (LTM)

Answer 12

Unlimited & Permanent memory store
* Encoding: Semantic
* Capacity: Unlimited items
* Duration: Lifetime

Question 13

Give two named examples of come of the sensory memory stores

Answer 13

• Iconic Storage
• Echoic Storage

Question 14

What is the Iconic store?

Answer 14

A store within the Sensory Memory
Stores visual information

(Think, you saw something visually iconic)

Question 15

What is the Echoic store?

Answer 15

A store within the Sensory Memory
Stores auditory information

Question 16

What is chunking?

Answer 16

Grouping things together within ones memory - e.g. letters grouped into words, words grouped into sentances - in order to give the memory meaning, therefore allowing it to entre the LTM as it now has semantics (Chunking makes something easier to remember as it enters LTM rather than remains in STM)

Question 17

STM has a limited ____________ so can only withold a certain ammount of information before ________________ occurs

Answer 17

STM has a limited Capacity so can only withold a certain ammount of information before Forgetting occurs

Question 18

How does information pass from the STM to the LTM?

Answer 18

Maintenance rehersal

Question 19

What is maintenance rehersal?

Answer 19

The process of revising/ rehearsing material over and over for a prologed period of time. It will remain in the STM as long as it is rehearsed and will eventually, if rehearsed enough, move into the LTM

Question 20

What is information processing?

Answer 20

A process proposed that infers information flows through the human cognitive system is a sequences of stages

Question 21

What are the 3 stages of information processing in order?

Answer 21

Question 22

Label this diagram of the Multi Store Model

Answer 22

Question 23

Fill in this table with all AO1 elements of STM and LTM alongside ther AO3 counterparts

Answer 23

Question 24

Describe Millers (1956) Study + What model was it relevant for and what factor did it contribute towards?

Answer 24

• STM
• Capacity
• Noted that 7 is a common number e.g. 7 days of week, deadly sins etc.. so proposed that the capcity of STM is between 5 & 9 items (7 +/- 2)

Question 25

Describe **Peterson & Peterson's (1956) Study** + What model was it relevant for and what factor did it contribute towards?

Answer 25

* **STM** * **Duration** * Pair conducted an experiment in which participants were presented with a trigram and were asked to recall the trigram after 3 seconds **(80% accuracy)** and then after 18 seconds **(10% accuracy)** * The experiment showcased that if rehersal is prevented so that information remains in STM, the **duration is between around 3-30 seconds**

Question 26

What is a trigram?

Answer 26

**A trigram is a random selection of three consonants** * Vowels cannot be included as then a word could be formed, this could lead to chunking and therfore an easier time remebering as it would aquire meaning (semantics) and allow for the words/ list to easily pass into the LTM

Question 27

Describe **Baddeley's (1966a) Study** + What model was it relevant for and what factor did it contribute towards?

Answer 27

* **STM** * **Encoding** * Found that when people recall words from a list, they tended to mix up words that *sounded* similar when using out STM * Highlighted that STM **encoded through acoustics** as a short interval of recall engaged the STM and the mistakes were made were made on sounds not similar semantics

Question 28

Describe **Brady's () Study** + What model was it relevant for and what factor did it contribute towards?

Answer 28

?

Question 29

Describe **Bahrick et al. (1975) Study** + What model was it relevant for and what factor did it contribute towards?

Answer 29

* **LTM** * **Duration** * Found many participants could recognise the names and faces of their primary classmates almost 50 years on * It inferred that when you want to recall certain information stored in LTM it is possible to do so without time restraint or a certain time frame before forgetting, inferring the **duration of LTM is for a lifetime**

Question 30

Describe **Baddeley's (1966b) Study** + What model was it relevant for and what factor did it contribute towards?

Answer 30

* **LTM** * **Encoding** * Found that when people recall words from a list, they tended to mix up words that had similar *meanings* when using out LTM * Highlighted that LTM **encoded through semantics** as a long interval of recall engaged the LTM and the mistakes were made were made on meanings of words not similar sounds

Question 31

What additional pieces of AO3 can be used to evaluate the Multi Store Model? | (+ EXAMPLES)

Answer 31

Case Studies such as **Clive Wearing** and **KF**

Question 32

What is the main criticism of the Multi Store Model? | (+ EXPLAIN)

Answer 32

**That it is reductionist and over-simplifies the human memory** * This can be shown through comparing the model with the Working Memory Model which infers STM has many more components than originally showcased in the Multi Store Model * Same can be said with LTM by comparing to the Long Term Memory Model