Cognitive⚙️ • Multi Store Model + Studies Flashcards
What is the Multi-store Model?
An explanation of how memory functions, uses 3 stores to represent different areas of memory. It also describes how information is transferred from one store to another, how its remembered and how its forgotten
What is sensory memory?
A store that holds information that is detected by sensory organs
What is short-term memory (STM)?
A store that temporarily holds information that has been attended towards
What is long-term memory (LTM)?
A store that holds information that has been transferred from the short-term memory, only if that information has been rehearsed
What is encoding?
The format in which information is stored in various memory stores
What is storage?
The process of holding information in memory
What is retrieval?
The process of transferring information from the LTM to the STM (recalling information)
What is capacity?
The amount of information that can be held within a specific memory store
What is duration?
The length of time infromationn can be held within a specifc memory store
Give the specifics of sensory memory
Temporary memory store (Info lasts briefly)
* Encoding: Sense-specific (different stores for each sense)
* Capacity: large, all sensory experiences
* Duration: 1/2 a second
Give the specifics of short-term memory (STM)
Limited & Temporary memory store
* Encoding: Acoustic
* Capacity: 7 +/- 2 items
* Duration: 18-30 seconds
Give the specifics of long-term memory (LTM)
Unlimited & Permanent memory store
* Encoding: Semantic
* Capacity: Unlimited items
* Duration: Lifetime
Give two named examples of come of the sensory memory stores
- Iconic Storage
- Echoic Storage
What is the Iconic store?
A store within the Sensory Memory
Stores visual information
(Think, you saw something visually iconic)
What is the Echoic store?
A store within the Sensory Memory
Stores auditory information
What is chunking?
Grouping things together within ones memory - e.g. letters grouped into words, words grouped into sentances - in order to give the memory meaning, therefore allowing it to entre the LTM as it now has semantics (Chunking makes something easier to remember as it enters LTM rather than remains in STM)
STM has a limited ____________ so can only withold a certain ammount of information before ________________ occurs
STM has a limited Capacity so can only withold a certain ammount of information before Forgetting occurs
How does information pass from the STM to the LTM?
Maintenance rehersal
What is maintenance rehersal?
The process of revising/ rehearsing material over and over for a prologed period of time. It will remain in the STM as long as it is rehearsed and will eventually, if rehearsed enough, move into the LTM
What is information processing?
A process proposed that infers information flows through the human cognitive system is a sequences of stages
What are the 3 stages of information processing in order?
Label this diagram of the Multi Store Model
Fill in this table with all AO1 elements of STM and LTM alongside ther AO3 counterparts
Describe Millers (1956) Study + What model was it relevant for and what factor did it contribute towards?
- STM
- Capacity
- Noted that 7 is a common number e.g. 7 days of week, deadly sins etc.. so proposed that the capcity of STM is between 5 & 9 items (7 +/- 2)
Describe Peterson & Peterson’s (1956) Study + What model was it relevant for and what factor did it contribute towards?
- STM
- Duration
- Pair conducted an experiment in which participants were presented with a trigram and were asked to recall the trigram after 3 seconds (80% accuracy) and then after 18 seconds (10% accuracy)
- The experiment showcased that if rehersal is prevented so that information remains in STM, the duration is between around 3-30 seconds
What is a trigram?
A trigram is a random selection of three consonants
* Vowels cannot be included as then a word could be formed, this could lead to chunking and therfore an easier time remebering as it would aquire meaning (semantics) and allow for the words/ list to easily pass into the LTM
Describe Baddeley’s (1966a) Study + What model was it relevant for and what factor did it contribute towards?
- STM
- Encoding
- Found that when people recall words from a list, they tended to mix up words that sounded similar when using out STM
- Highlighted that STM encoded through acoustics as a short interval of recall engaged the STM and the mistakes were made were made on sounds not similar semantics
Describe Brady’s () Study + What model was it relevant for and what factor did it contribute towards?
?
Describe Bahrick et al. (1975) Study + What model was it relevant for and what factor did it contribute towards?
- LTM
- Duration
- Found many participants could recognise the names and faces of their primary classmates almost 50 years on
- It inferred that when you want to recall certain information stored in LTM it is possible to do so without time restraint or a certain time frame before forgetting, inferring the duration of LTM is for a lifetime
Describe Baddeley’s (1966b) Study + What model was it relevant for and what factor did it contribute towards?
- LTM
- Encoding
- Found that when people recall words from a list, they tended to mix up words that had similar meanings when using out LTM
- Highlighted that LTM encoded through semantics as a long interval of recall engaged the LTM and the mistakes were made were made on meanings of words not similar sounds
What additional pieces of AO3 can be used to evaluate the Multi Store Model?
(+ EXAMPLES)
Case Studies such as Clive Wearing and KF
What is the main criticism of the Multi Store Model?
(+ EXPLAIN)
That it is reductionist and over-simplifies the human memory
* This can be shown through comparing the model with the Working Memory Model which infers STM has many more components than originally showcased in the Multi Store Model
* Same can be said with LTM by comparing to the Long Term Memory Model
