⭐ • Evaluative Terminology

Question 1

What is internal validity?

Answer 1

The degree in which the relationship/ thing you are testing is not influenced by other factors or variables

Question 2

What does ‘et al.’ mean?

Answer 2

Its a sort of suffix that indicates others worked on the study, not just the name lisited before it e.g. Raine et al. = Raine and others

Question 3

What is population validity?

Answer 3

When a sample size is smaller and more specific and therefore is not representative of a wider population so consequently cannot be generalised to the wider population

Question 4

What is ecological validity?

Answer 4

When a study was conducted under artificial conditions (e.g. a lab) and therefore lacks mundane realisms and is not representative of real life situations

Question 5

What is reliability/ replicability?

Answer 5

When a study has been conducted in a controlled environment (therefore lacking ecological validity) so therefore can be replicated easily due to the high levels of control for experimenters - simultaneously making study reliable

Question 6

What is random sampling?

Answer 6

A sample of participants that is unbaised/ chosen completely randomly (therefore increasing population validity as every member of target population has an equal chance of being selected)

Question 7

What does it mean when something is subjective?

Answer 7

When something is subjective it means its open to interpretation so its not 100% accurate

Question 8

What does it mean when something is objective?

Answer 8

When something is objective it means that its conclusion/ interpretation is set in stone, there is only one view - makes results more reliable

Question 9

What is a case study?

Answer 9

A study that is conducted on one specific person/group of people and scenario. This therefore makes most case studies incapable of being generalised to the entire population as subjects were specific (lacks population validity)

Question 10

What is culture bias?

Answer 10

When a study has been conducted in a specific environment/ culture (e.g. western culture) so the results collected cannot be generalised to any other culture besides the one studied e.g. western

Question 11

What is ethnocentrism?

Answer 11

When only one ethnicity was studied (e.g. caucasian) therefore results from study are not representative of other ethnic groups and cannot be generalised to a wider population/ selection of ethnic groups

Question 12

What is gender bias (Androcentrism)

Answer 12

When a study was conducted using exclusively male participants and therefore suffers from androcentrism. Consequently therefore it cannot be generalised to the female population

Question 13

What is gender bias (Estrocentrism)

Answer 13

When a study was conducted using exclusively female participants and therefore suffers from estrocentrism. Consequently therefore it cannot be generalised to the male population

Question 14

What is historical bias (Temporal Bias)

Answer 14

When a study was conduted in a time period in which the social climate/ expectations were very different. Therefore results cannot be generalised to the present day

Question 15

What is a single blind technique?

Answer 15

This means that the participant was unaware of the true aim of the experiment (ethical - deception) and therefore was unable to give their informed consent

Question 16

What are demand characteristics?

Answer 16

Cues that might indicate the study aims to participants

Question 17

What is a double blind technique?

Answer 17

When neither participant, nor the researcher/ experimenter were aware of the true aim of the experiment (ethics - deception). This significantly decreases the chance of demand characteristics.

Question 18

What is (ethics) - deception?

Answer 18

When participants were not told the true aim of the experiment and were therefore decieved. (In some cases this can be slightly rectified if participants are debriefed after the study)

Question 19

What is (ethics) - informed consent?

Answer 19

When participants were under 18 years old and could not give their informed consent. In some cases researchers could be given loco parentis from participants parents

Question 20

What is loco parentis?

Answer 20

This refers to the legal responsibility of a person or organization to take on some of the functions and responsibilities of a parent. (e.g. in experiment environment, give consent for the underage participant)

Question 21

What is (ethics) - animal research?

Answer 21

When animals could not consent to taking part in the study due to having less developed cognitive abilites/ cognitions. In addition, experiments including animals cannot be direclty generalised to humans - but can be used to support certain findings

Question 22

What is anthropomorphism?

Answer 22

When animals share attributes of humans - commonly used in psychology as BLANK lacks anthropomorphism as study was conducted on animals and therefore cannot be generalised to humans

Question 23

What is (ethics) - psychological harm?

Answer 23

When participants were distressed during the study and therefore suffered psychological harm. If this is the case ethical concerns are raised and ideally the researcher should have debriefed them afterwards and offerd counselling

Question 24

What is (ethics) - right to withdraw?

Answer 24

When the study was not ethical because participants were not given the opportunity/ right to withdraw from the experiment

Question 25

What is (ethics) - confidentiality?

Answer 25

When a participants’ results were kept secretive/ confidential by the researcher assigning numbers to ensure anonymity

Question 26

What is (ethics) - Observational research?

Answer 26

When a study is conducted on participants that are unaware they are participating (study therefore has to be conducted in a public environment)

Question 27

What is Biological approach?

Answer 27

• When behaviour is due to:
• genetics
• biochemical imbalance
• Neuroatomical abnormalities
• Infection

Question 28

What are Neuroatomical abnormalities?

Answer 28

Abormal structures present in regions of the brain/ nervous system (?)

Question 29

What is biochemical imbalance?

Answer 29

Too much or too little of any substance that helps the body work the way it should

Question 30

What is Cognitive approach?

Answer 30

• When behaviour is due to:
• Irrational thought processes
• Cognitive distortions
• Cognitive dificiencies

Question 31

What is Behavioural approach?

Answer 31

• When behaviour is due to:
• learned behaviour
• classical conditioning
• Operant conditioning
• Social learning theory (observation, modelling and imitation)

Question 32

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 32

A learning process where voluntary behaviors are modified by association with the addition of reward or aversive stimuli (e.g. baby and rat experiment with metal bar - Little Albert experiment)

Question 33

What is Psychodynamic approach?

Answer 33

• When behaviour is due to:
• Unconcious imbalances - as a result of fixations during childhood

Question 34

What is Evolutionary approach?

Answer 34

• When behaviour is due to::
• Adaptive behaviours/ traits (Darwinism - survival of the fittest)

Question 35

What is the nature - nurture debate?

Answer 35

• Nature = behaviour is determined by innate biological processes
• Nurture = behaviour is determined by environmental influences (e.g. violent household)

Question 36

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 36

Classical conditioning is a learning process that involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that produces a natural response, resulting in an automatic conditioned response to the neutral stimulus

Question 37

What is a reductionist view?

Answer 37

A viewpoint that only takes into consideration the view it is proposing and not any other evidence or factors

Question 38

What does it mean when a theory/ study is deterministic?

Answer 38

That the theory/study assumes that events including human action are determined by behaviours such as primative patterns - ignoring human will/ cognition