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Psychology > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

define repeated measures design

A

same people are used in both conditions of the experiment and their performances in the different conditions are compared

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2
Q

strengths of a repeated measures design

A

participant variables are eliminated and fewer participants are needed overall

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3
Q

limitations of a repeated measures design

A

order effects and demand characteristics

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4
Q

define order effects

A

where a participants performance in the second condition may have been effected from having already performed in the first condition

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5
Q

define demand characteristics

A

where the participants may guess the aim of the study

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6
Q

how can order effects be controlled

A

counterbalancing

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7
Q

define standardisation

A

all participants are subject to the same conditions, information and experience

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8
Q

if control is high then what is low

A

ecological validity

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9
Q

benefits of randomisation

A

minimises the effects of ev and cv

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10
Q

define independent group designs

A

different people take part in each condition and their performances are compared

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11
Q

what is a strength of random allocation

A

reduces bias

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12
Q

what is a strength of an indepndent group design

A

no order effect

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13
Q

what are limitations of a group design

A

participant variables could confound the results and more participants are needed

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14
Q

define participant variables

A

when you have different people in each condition

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15
Q

give an example of a confounding variable

A

when you have different people in each condition

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16
Q

what is a matched pair design

A

different people take part in each condition but they have matched in ways that matter for the experiment. this means that individual differences won’t have as much as an effect on the results

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17
Q

strengths of a matched pair design

A

participant variable are minimised no order effects and no demand characteristics

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18
Q

what are limitations of a matched pair design

A

finding pairs is time-consuming and participant variables aren’t completely eliminated

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19
Q

define a lab experiment

A

takes place in a very controlled environemnt, helps control external factors is ethical but has less mundane realism and ecological validity

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20
Q

define a field experiment

A

takes place in a natural environment, researchers are often dressed so participants know that there’s something going on (demand characteristics) but they don’t officially know about an experiment (ethical ?) good for mundane realism but less control

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21
Q

define a quasi-experiment

A

participants aren’t randomly allocated, research group where the differences between them already exist (male/female), the setting can be controlled however it lacks ecological validity

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22
Q

define a natural experiment

A

where the researcher takes advantage of a change that is already happening, iv is pre-existing. the setting can be controlled, increased mundane realism and ecological validity.

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23
Q

is the IV manipulated in a naturl experiment

A

no

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24
Q

define a random sample

A

a random sample is one where every member of the target population has an equal chance of being chosen

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25
Q

systematic sample

A

a systematic sample is the one where every nth member of the target population is chosen

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26
Q

stratified sample

A

a stratified sample involves the researcher first identifying the different subgroups of people in the target population and then drawing participants from each of these sub groups

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27
Q

define an oppurtunity sample

A

an opportunity sample consists of people who are available to take part and are accessible to the researcher

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28
Q

define a volunteer sample

A

a volunteer sample involves participants that have opted to be part of the sample

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29
Q

what is a pilot study

A

a smaller scale version of an experiment to see how well it would do before putting time and resources into it

30
Q

what is a self report method

A

any method where the participant report on their own behaviour

31
Q

examples of self report

A

questionnaires and interviews

32
Q

2 types of questions within a self report

A

open and closed

33
Q

define a likert scale

A

how much you agree or disagree with something (measured in strongly agree- strongly disagree)

34
Q

define a rating scale

A

measures the strength of a feeling and it identifies a value that represents their strength of feeling

35
Q

define a fixed choice option

A

multiple choice

36
Q

define content analysis

A

a systematic method used to quantify the content of any form of media, turns quan into qual

37
Q

what is another type of content analysis

A

thematic analysis

38
Q

2 types of data are used in content analysis what are they

A

primary and secondary

39
Q

define primary data

A

data you collect yourself

40
Q

define secondary data

A

data someone else has collected that you can still use in your study

41
Q

what is thematic analysis

A

turns qual data into more refined qual data

42
Q

define a case study

A

in depth study of an individual, small group ,event or situation

43
Q

list the grid of statistic tests

A 
chi-squared
chi-squared
sign test
unrelated test
related test
Mann Whitney test
Wilcoxon test
Spearman's rho
Pearsons test
44
Q

how do you calculate DF for unrelated test

A

n-2

45
Q

how do you calculate DF for related test

A

n-1

46
Q

what does n represent

A

n = number of participants

47
Q

what is the calculation for DF in a chi-squared test

A

(number of columns-1) x (number of rows - 1)

48
Q

list the 3 types of measurements in statistical testing

A

nominal ordinal interval

49
Q

define ordinal measurements

A

subjective form of measurements

50
Q

define nominal measurements

A

grouped/ categorised, simplistic form of measurement

51
Q

define interval measurements

A

most accurate form of measurement - regular standardised intervals

52
Q

what number is the desired correlation coefficient

A

0.8

53
Q

whats continuous data

A

an infinite amount of possibilities

54
Q

whats discrete data

A

a finite number of possibilities

55
Q

what is a measure of central tendency

A

summarises your data and turns data into a representable number- mean median mode

56
Q

mode

A

most common number

57
Q

mean

A

all values together and dividing by n

58
Q

median

A

the middle number

59
Q

define a measure of dispersion

A

measures the spread of data (how dispersed it is), summarises your spread of data

60
Q

what is an example of a measure of dispersion

A

the range

61
Q

what is a standard deviation

A

a measure of dispersion

62
Q

the standard deviation…

A

is the spread of all data around the mean

63
Q

3 types of validity

A

ecological
population
external and internal

64
Q

define external and internal validity

A

internal - is your information actually truthful

external - all about the application to the research

65
Q

what is a type 1 error

A

is accepting an experimental hypothesis incorrectly, saying something is happening but not as a result of data its just due to chance

66
Q

what is a type 2 error

A

accepting a null hypothesis incorrectly, saying something isn’t happening when it is

67
Q

what reduces the likelihood of a type 1 error from occuring

A

reducing the level of significance

68
Q

what reduces the likelihood of a type 2 error from occurring

A

increasing the level of significance

69
Q

the side effect of reducing level of significance

A

increases chance of T2 occurring

70
Q

the side effect of increasing the level of significance

A

increases chance of T1 occurring

Psychology (12 decks)

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