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Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

define deviation from social norms

A

when a person isn’t behaving how we would expect them to behave and they refuse to accept social norms, they are deviating from social norms.

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2
Q

define failure to function

A

failure to function adequately is when a person is struggling or cannot cope with the demands of everyday life, for example, going to work, showering etc.

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3
Q

define statistical infrequency

A

when a behaviour that someone is displaying is statistically rare, doesn’t happen often

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4
Q

define deviation from ideal mental health

A

when someone’s behaviours aren’t considered mentally healthy, way to identify abnormalities

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5
Q

who came up with the criteria for ideal mental health

A

Marie Jahoda 1958

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6
Q

define a phobia

A

an extreme or irrational fear of an object place or situation

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7
Q

name the 3 types of phobias

A

specific phobia, social anxiety phobia, agoraphobia

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8
Q

define specific phobia

A

phobia of an object or a situation

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9
Q

define social anxiety phobia

A

phobia of a social situation

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10
Q

define agoraphobia

A

phobia of being outside or ina public place

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11
Q

name 3 different groups of characteristics for phobias

A

behavioural, emotional, cognitive

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12
Q

list of symptoms for behavioural characteristics for phobias

A

panic, avoidance, endurance

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13
Q

list of symptoms for emotional characteristics for phobias

A

anxiety

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14
Q

list of symptoms for cognitive characteristics for phobias

A

irrational beliefs, cognitive distortion and selective attention

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15
Q

what behaviouralist theory is used to explain phobias

A

learning theory

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16
Q

describe learning theory

A

2 process model, made up of classical conditioning and operant conditioning

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17
Q

operant conditioning is

A

learning through reinforcement

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18
Q

classical conditioning is

A

learning through association

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19
Q

2 treatments used when treating phobias

A

flooding and systematic desensitisation

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20
Q

brief summary of flooding

A
  • can be ethically problematic
  • involves immediate exposure to phobia
  • often causes extreme anxiety
  • encourages a fight or flight response
  • intention is to result in the extinction of phobia
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21
Q

brief summary of systematic desensitisation

A
  • not ethically problematic
  • involves gradual exposure to phobia
  • includes relaxation techniques to reduce anxiety
  • includes and anxiety hierarchy to determine which phobia to be exposed to first
  • and exposure
  • learning to be calm in the presence of the phobic stimulus
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22
Q

define extinction

A

overtime, the association between fears and triggers will die out - the fear will go away

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23
Q

study for classical conditioning

A

little Albert carried out in the 1920’s by Watson

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24
Q

define generalisation

A

where people start associating similar qualities of objects to ones that they’re scared of and then becoming scared of more objects (example in little Albert study notes)

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25
Q

what is reciprocal inhibition

A

makes it impossible to feel relaxed and anxious at the same time

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26
Q

list the 4 categories of depressive disorders

A

major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder , and premenstrual dysphoric disorder

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27
Q

list the behavioural characteristics of depression

A

activity levels, disruption to sleep and eating behaviour, and aggression and self-harm

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28
Q

what is the name of the condition of when people may have an excessive amount of energy during depressive episodes

A

psychomotor agitation

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29
Q

talk about activity levels regarding depression

A

depression can affect activity levels in reducing or increasing energy levels, often making people feel lethargic and unmotivated. this then has a knock-on effect on their work life, education (FFA)

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30
Q

talk about disruption to eating and sleeping behaviour regarding depression

A

people suffering from depression may suffer with insomnia or hypersomnia, and also issues with overeating or undereating which leads to significant weight gain or weight loss.

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31
Q

talk about aggression and self-harm regarding depression

A

people suffering with depression are often irritable, verbally aggressive or physically aggressive. this physical aggression can be directed towards others or themselves which can result in self harm in forms of cutting or suicide attempts.

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32
Q

talk about aggression and self-harm regarding depression

A

people suffering with depression are often irritable, verbally aggressive or physically aggressive. this physical aggression can be directed towards others or themselves which can result in self-harm in forms of cutting or suicide attempts.

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33
Q

what could knock-on effects of aggression and self-harm be

A

significant negative impact on physical health, negative effect on relationships, ability function adequately in work or school environment.

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34
Q

list the emotional characteristics of depression

A

lowered mood, anger, lowered self-esteem

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35
Q

outline lowered mood regarding depression

A

feeling sad - clinical depression is much more severe snd extreme than this, patients often describe themselves as feeling “worthless and empty”

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36
Q

outline anger regarding depression

A

sufferers tend to experience and acknowledge negative emotions and fewer positive ones

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37
Q

outline anger regarding depression

A

sufferers tend to experience and acknowledge negative emotions and fewer positive ones during episodes of depression, anger can often result in the display of behavioural characteristic aggression and self-harm

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38
Q

outline lowered self-esteem regarding depression

A

people suffering from depression have low self-esteem and don’t like themselves, this can be quite extreme and often turn into people hating themselves.

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39
Q

list the cognitive characteristics of depression

A

poor concentration, attending to and dwelling on the negative and absolutist thinking

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40
Q

outline poor concentration

A

depression is associated with poor levels of concentration, the sufferer may feel like they’re unable to stick with a task. poor decision making could also be a side affect of depression also (FFA)

41
Q

outline attending to and dwelling on the negative

A

when people are going through a depressive episode they tend to focus completely on the negative aspects of life and completely ignore the positive

42
Q

outline absolutist thinking

A

when a sufferer thinks in very black and white (extreme) terms around a situation,

43
Q

systematic desensitisation includes 3 processes:

A

relaxation techniques, anxiety hierarchy and gradual exposure

44
Q

define relaxation techniques used within systematic desensitisation

A

relaxation techniques would include breathing exercises etc to help calm a patient in a stressful situation, this helps keep them calm and decrease their flight or fight response by calming their neurophysiological responses

45
Q

define anxiety hierarchy used within systematic desensitisation

A

this takes place between a patient and a therapist, this is when the patient imagines different scenarios involving their phobia and they rank them from least to most approachable and gradually start approaching those situations

46
Q

define gradual exposure used within systematic desensitisation

A

gradual exposure is a technique used to help people overcome their fears by only having to deal with their fears in small doses and build it up- this technique reduces anxiety and has proved to be significantly less stressful for all patients, as well as proven to be longlasting

47
Q

define counterbalancing

A

new response to phobic stimulus, being calm and relaxed in presence is known as counterbalancing

48
Q

brief summary of beck’s cognitive approach

A
  • approach explaining why some people are more vulnerable to depression than others
  • peoples cognitions create this vulnerability, their thinking is bias towards focussing on negativity
  • lack a perceived sense of control
  • emphasis on automatic thought
49
Q

psychologist and date behind becks negative triad

A

Aaron Beck 1967

50
Q

summarise the negative triad

A

the idea that a person develops a dysfunctional view of themselves because of three types of negative thinking that occur automatically - negative view of self, negative view of future, negative view of the world.

51
Q

outline negative self-schemas

A

we interpret all information and ideas about ourselves negatively

52
Q

what is Ellis’s ABC model based around

A

the idea that good mental health is the result of rational thinking, and depression and anxiety is caused by irrational thoughts

53
Q

what is Ellis’s model used to explain

A

how irrational thoughts affect our behaviour and emotional state.

54
Q

what does (A) mean in Ellis’s ABC model (healthy)

A

A=activating agent

55
Q

what does (B) mean in Ellis’s ABC model (healthy

A

B=rational belief

56
Q

what does (C) mean in Ellis’s ABC model (healthy)

A

C= healthy emotion

57
Q

what does (A) mean in Ellis’s ABC model (unhealthy)

A

A= activating agent

58
Q

what does (B) mean in Ellis’s ABC model (unhealthy)

A

B= irrational belief

59
Q

what does (C) mean in Ellis’s ABC model (unhealthy)

A

C= unhealthy emotion

60
Q

what is musterbation

A

centred on certain ideas or assumptions that must be true for an individual to be happy if they fail then this will seem very extreme to them as they hold an irrational belief regarding that failure (high standards that lead to disappointment)

61
Q

what is trichotillomania

A

compulsive hair pulling

62
Q

define a hoarding disorder

A

the compulsive gathering of possessions and the inability to part with anything regardless of its value

63
Q

define excoriation disorder

A

compulsive skin picking

64
Q

what is the behavioural component of OCD

A

compulsive behaviour

65
Q

What are the two elements to compulsive behaviours

A

compulsions are repetitive and compulsions to reduce anxiety

66
Q

define compulsions are repetitive

A

when sufferers of OCD feel compelled to repeat behaviour multiple times

67
Q

define compulsions to reduce anxiety

A

behaviour carried out to reduce the anxiety surrounding an irrational fear

68
Q

define avoidance

A

sufferers of OCD may also be characterised by their avoidance as they attempt to reduce anxiety by keeping away from situations that trigger it

69
Q

List emotional characteristics of OCD

A

anxiety and distress, accompanying depression, guilt and disgust.

70
Q

List of cognitive characteristics of OCD

A

obsessive thoughts cognitive strategies to deal with obsessions and insight into excessive anxiety

71
Q

define cognitive strategies to deal with obsessions

A

cognitive strategies make it easier for people to respond by adopting cognitive coping strategies, for example, a religious person tormented by excessive guilt may respond by praying on meditating

72
Q

define insight into excessive anxiety

A

sufferers of OCD are completely aware of how irrational their fears and anxieties are

73
Q

what is cognitive behavioural therapy

A

cognitive therapy is the application of becks negative triad within anxiety and depression the idea of high-quality therapy is to identify negative thoughts of the world the self and the future this is negative triad was identified these thoughts can be challenged

74
Q

what is our REBT

A

REBT extends the ABC model is with a ABCDE model the D stands for dispute and E for effect

75
Q

what 2 areas of the brain may play a role in biological approach to explaining OCD

A

the frontal lobe and parahoppocampal gyrus

76
Q

talk and decision making systems regarding OCD

A

in some cases of OCD in particular a hoarding disorders seems to be associated with impaired decision-making this may be associated with abnormal functioning of the frontal lobe of the brain

77
Q

talk about the role of serotonin regarding the biological approach to explaining OCD

A

The role of the neurotransmitter serotonin is believed to help regulate mood, neurotransmitters are responsible for relaying information from one neuron to the other.

Low serotonin = low mood

78
Q

how are genes involved in OCD

A

genes that you develop may make you more vulnerable to developing OCD

79
Q

supporting evidence for genetic explanations regarding OCD

A

Lewis 1936 observed that of his OCD patients 37% her parents with OCD and 21% had siblings with OCD this suggests that OCD runs in families

80
Q

what is a candidate gene

A

The candidate gene is a gene which creates vulnerability for OCD

81
Q

what is the SERT gene

A

the SERT gene affect the transport of serotonin creating lower levels of the neurotransmitter

82
Q

supporting research evidence for the SERT gene

A

ozaki found a mutation of this gene in 2 unrelated families where 6 of seven family members had OCD carried out by ozaki et al.2003

83
Q

what does polygenic mean regarding OCD

A

OCD is not caused by one single gene but that several genes are involved this means that OCD is polygenic

84
Q

supporting evidence for OCD being polygenic

A

Taylor 2013 has analysed findings of previous studies and found evidence up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD, Some of these genes include dopamine as well as serotonin both neurotransmitters believed to have a role in regulating mood

85
Q

what does aetiologically heterogeneous mean regarding OCD

A

this means that the origin of OCD has different causes

86
Q

what is the diathesis stress model

A

diathesis= genetic element
stress = environmental trigger
according to the diathesis-stress model certain genes mean that some people are more likely to suffer a mental disorder but is not certain, environmental stress experience is necessary to trigger the condition

87
Q

what did Nestadt et al. 2010

A

they reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins

this means if it was purely genetic it should be 100%

88
Q

what is a monozygotic twins

A

identical

89
Q

what is dizygotic twins

A

non identical

90
Q

what neurotransmitter is supposed to help with schizophrenia

A

dopamine

91
Q

what is the aim of drug therapy with mental disorders

A

aim to increase or decrease levels of neurotransmitters in the brain or to increase/decrease the patient’s anxiety

92
Q

what is the name of the standard medical treatment used involving a particular type of antidepressant drug

A

SSRI

93
Q

what does SSRI stand for

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

94
Q

key components involved in the usage of SSRI

A
  • presynaptic neuron
  • postsynaptic neuron
  • synaptic cleft
  • synaptic vesicle
  • receptor cells
95
Q

what is the GABA

A

A neurotransmitter that when released has a general quieting effect on many of the neurons in the brain

96
Q

what are tricyclics

A

an older type of antidepressant

97
Q

pros and cons to drug therapy

A
  • cost-effective compared to CBT
  • easier for the NHS to manage
  • easier access for patients instead of spending hours at CBT
98
Q

cons to BZ’s

A

highly addictive and only effective in the short term

99
Q

cons to tricylics

A

bad side affects, heart palpitations tachycardia

Psychology (12 decks)

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