Attachment Flashcards
define reciprocity
when a baby mimics a mothers movements and facial expressions.
what research supports the concept of reciprocity
research demonstrated in the 1970s, Brazelton suggested that the basic rhythm is an important precursor to later communications. Tronick. et al. also developed the concept of “still face”
from the age of 1 month, babies start demonstrating what behaviour
increasingly reciprocal interactions between caregiver and baby
define interactional synchrony
a type of interactions between parent and child in which partners share a mutual focus, mirror each other’s affect,
whats supportive research for interactional synchrony
the Meltzoff and Moore (1977) study where an adult made facial expressions towards the baby and the baby mirrored them .
negatives of interactional synchrony M&M study
- no bond to the child
- the face isn’t made at the same time
- took photo afterwards
positives of interactional synchrony M&M study
reduces observer bias
M&M study showed what?
very young infants will spontaneously imitate facial and hand movements of adults models. same effects were later demonstrated in infants of less than 3 days old
name the 4 stages of attachment identified by Schaffer
- pre-attachment stage
- indiscriminate attachment stage
- discriminate attachment stage
- multiple attachment stage
whats the age for pre-attachment stage
birth to 3 months
whats the age for indiscriminate attachment stage
3 to 7/8 months
whats the age for discriminate attachment stage
7/8 months onwards
whats the age for multiple attachment stage
9 months onwards
define the pre- attachment stage
no attachment to anyone
babies prefer humans to objects
define the indiscriminate attachment stage
prefer being with people who aren’t strangers but they don’t care who
define the discriminate attachment stage
they form one strong attachment to one particular person - usually the primary caregiver
define the multiple attachment stage
form attachments with multiple people
what percentage of infants initial attachment is their mother
65%
issues with Schaffers attachment stages
unreliable data and biased sample
what did Lorenz’s 1935 study show (3 findings)
- goslings will imprint on the first thing they see
- the first 32 hours after hatching is known as the critical period
- sexual imprinting
for what reason would a gosling never imprint
if they didn’t imprint in the critical period
what process did Lorenz describe as irreversible and when
imprinting 1952
aim of Harlows study 1959
to study the behaviour of infant monkeys separated from their mothers at birth to test the effects of separation
findings of Harlows study
when frightened all monkeys went to cloth-covered mother (chose comfort over food)
what does Harlow’s study suggest
infants do not develop an attachment to the person that feeds them but to the person who is offering them comfort contact.
long-lasting effects of Harlow’s study on monkeys
- developed abnormally
- socially abnormal
- sexually abnormal (mating and behaviour with babies)
what did Harlow state the critical period for the monkeys was
6 months
learning theory describes all behaviour as what
innate
describe classical conditioning (CC)
learning through association: a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus so that it eventually takes on the properties of this stimulus and is able to produce a conditioned response
describe operant conditioning (OC)
learning through reinforcement: a behaviour becomes more likely because the outcome is reinforced (rewarded) it involves learning depending on the consequences/responses.
Bowlby’s research was based around…
Lorenz
Bowlby was interested in what
- wanted to see if humans imprints
- also, wanted to see if the attachment was innate
define innate
Innate behaviours occur naturally and automatically.
according to Bowlby what was the critical period
11 months
define social releasers
Bowlby suggests that babies are born with a set of innate features which encourages attention from adults
Bowlby’s theory (1958 1969) is described as monotropic because
the entire theory is based around the concept that babies have one primal attachment usually to the mother, Bowlby believes that this primal attachment is different and more important than all other attachments
Bowlby’s 2 principles were called what
- the law of continuity
- the law of accumulated separation
define the law of continuity
stated that the more constant and predictable a child’s care, the better the quality of their attachment
define the law of accumulated separation
stated that the effects of every separation from the mother add up and the safest does is, therefore a zero dose
Bowlby recognised that the process of attachment was what
reciprocal
Bowlby believes that mothers and babies have a what
innate predisposistion to become attached
name support for social releasers
Brazelton et al. 1975 carried out an experiment between babies and mothers and reports of interactional synchrony were shown as well as evidence of social releasers triggering interaction
define secure attachment
- happy in mothers presence
- distressed when the mother leaves
- calms on mothers return
- wary of stranger
what type of attachment is type B
secure attachment
define insecure-avoidant attachment
- ignores mother
- seems indifferent, treats both mother and stranger the same
- easily comforted by a stranger
- doesn’t require comfort
what type of attachment is type A
an insecure-avoidant attachment
what percentage of the Britains toddlers are classified as insecure-avoidant
20-25%
what percentage of the Britains toddlers are classified as insecure resistant
3%
define an insecure resistant attachment
- fussy, difficult
- cried when mother returns and leaves
- shows anger
- resists stranger
what type of attachment in type C
insecure resistant attachment
who developed the idea of type A, B, C attachment types
Mary Ainsworth
what did Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation focussed around (1951)
the idea that the continual presence of nurture from a mother or a. other - substitute is essential for normal psychological development of babies and toddlers emotionally and intellectually.
critical period according to Bowlby’s maternal deprivation theory
30 months for psychological development
what is a negative side affect of maternal deprivation regarding emotional development
risk of the child potentially developing affectionless psychopath tendencies
supportive research or Bowlby’s maternal deprivation and affectionless psychopathy
Bowlby’s 44 juvenile thieves research
according to Romanian orphan studies which children showed an intellectual decline
longer times spent in an institution, more time primary attachment wasn’t developed and the more affected their IQ was
Pasiak 2011 said what regarding interactional synchrony
infants exhibit a high degree of reciprocity and are responsive to each other’s cues
