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Psychology > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

define reciprocity

A

when a baby mimics a mothers movements and facial expressions.

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2
Q

what research supports the concept of reciprocity

A

research demonstrated in the 1970s, Brazelton suggested that the basic rhythm is an important precursor to later communications. Tronick. et al. also developed the concept of “still face”

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3
Q

from the age of 1 month, babies start demonstrating what behaviour

A

increasingly reciprocal interactions between caregiver and baby

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4
Q

define interactional synchrony

A

a type of interactions between parent and child in which partners share a mutual focus, mirror each other’s affect,

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5
Q

whats supportive research for interactional synchrony

A

the Meltzoff and Moore (1977) study where an adult made facial expressions towards the baby and the baby mirrored them .

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6
Q

negatives of interactional synchrony M&M study

A
  • no bond to the child
  • the face isn’t made at the same time
  • took photo afterwards
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7
Q

positives of interactional synchrony M&M study

A

reduces observer bias

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8
Q

M&M study showed what?

A

very young infants will spontaneously imitate facial and hand movements of adults models. same effects were later demonstrated in infants of less than 3 days old

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9
Q

name the 4 stages of attachment identified by Schaffer

A
  • pre-attachment stage
  • indiscriminate attachment stage
  • discriminate attachment stage
  • multiple attachment stage
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10
Q

whats the age for pre-attachment stage

A

birth to 3 months

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11
Q

whats the age for indiscriminate attachment stage

A

3 to 7/8 months

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12
Q

whats the age for discriminate attachment stage

A

7/8 months onwards

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13
Q

whats the age for multiple attachment stage

A

9 months onwards

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14
Q

define the pre- attachment stage

A

no attachment to anyone

babies prefer humans to objects

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15
Q

define the indiscriminate attachment stage

A

prefer being with people who aren’t strangers but they don’t care who

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16
Q

define the discriminate attachment stage

A

they form one strong attachment to one particular person - usually the primary caregiver

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17
Q

define the multiple attachment stage

A

form attachments with multiple people

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18
Q

what percentage of infants initial attachment is their mother

A

65%

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19
Q

issues with Schaffers attachment stages

A

unreliable data and biased sample

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20
Q

what did Lorenz’s 1935 study show (3 findings)

A
  • goslings will imprint on the first thing they see
  • the first 32 hours after hatching is known as the critical period
  • sexual imprinting
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21
Q

for what reason would a gosling never imprint

A

if they didn’t imprint in the critical period

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22
Q

what process did Lorenz describe as irreversible and when

A

imprinting 1952

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23
Q

aim of Harlows study 1959

A

to study the behaviour of infant monkeys separated from their mothers at birth to test the effects of separation

24
Q

findings of Harlows study

A

when frightened all monkeys went to cloth-covered mother (chose comfort over food)

25
Q

what does Harlow’s study suggest

A

infants do not develop an attachment to the person that feeds them but to the person who is offering them comfort contact.

26
Q

long-lasting effects of Harlow’s study on monkeys

A
  • developed abnormally
  • socially abnormal
  • sexually abnormal (mating and behaviour with babies)
27
Q

what did Harlow state the critical period for the monkeys was

A

6 months

28
Q

learning theory describes all behaviour as what

A

innate

29
Q

describe classical conditioning (CC)

A

learning through association: a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus so that it eventually takes on the properties of this stimulus and is able to produce a conditioned response

30
Q

describe operant conditioning (OC)

A

learning through reinforcement: a behaviour becomes more likely because the outcome is reinforced (rewarded) it involves learning depending on the consequences/responses.

31
Q

Bowlby’s research was based around…

A

Lorenz

32
Q

Bowlby was interested in what

A
  • wanted to see if humans imprints

- also, wanted to see if the attachment was innate

33
Q

define innate

A

Innate behaviours occur naturally and automatically.

34
Q

according to Bowlby what was the critical period

A

11 months

35
Q

define social releasers

A

Bowlby suggests that babies are born with a set of innate features which encourages attention from adults

36
Q

Bowlby’s theory (1958 1969) is described as monotropic because

A

the entire theory is based around the concept that babies have one primal attachment usually to the mother, Bowlby believes that this primal attachment is different and more important than all other attachments

37
Q

Bowlby’s 2 principles were called what

A
  • the law of continuity

- the law of accumulated separation

38
Q

define the law of continuity

A

stated that the more constant and predictable a child’s care, the better the quality of their attachment

39
Q

define the law of accumulated separation

A

stated that the effects of every separation from the mother add up and the safest does is, therefore a zero dose

40
Q

Bowlby recognised that the process of attachment was what

A

reciprocal

41
Q

Bowlby believes that mothers and babies have a what

A

innate predisposistion to become attached

42
Q

name support for social releasers

A

Brazelton et al. 1975 carried out an experiment between babies and mothers and reports of interactional synchrony were shown as well as evidence of social releasers triggering interaction

43
Q

define secure attachment

A
  • happy in mothers presence
  • distressed when the mother leaves
  • calms on mothers return
  • wary of stranger
44
Q

what type of attachment is type B

A

secure attachment

45
Q

define insecure-avoidant attachment

A
  • ignores mother
  • seems indifferent, treats both mother and stranger the same
  • easily comforted by a stranger
  • doesn’t require comfort
46
Q

what type of attachment is type A

A

an insecure-avoidant attachment

47
Q

what percentage of the Britains toddlers are classified as insecure-avoidant

A

20-25%

48
Q

what percentage of the Britains toddlers are classified as insecure resistant

A

3%

49
Q

define an insecure resistant attachment

A
  • fussy, difficult
  • cried when mother returns and leaves
  • shows anger
  • resists stranger
50
Q

what type of attachment in type C

A

insecure resistant attachment

51
Q

who developed the idea of type A, B, C attachment types

A

Mary Ainsworth

52
Q

what did Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation focussed around (1951)

A

the idea that the continual presence of nurture from a mother or a. other - substitute is essential for normal psychological development of babies and toddlers emotionally and intellectually.

53
Q

critical period according to Bowlby’s maternal deprivation theory

A

30 months for psychological development

54
Q

what is a negative side affect of maternal deprivation regarding emotional development

A

risk of the child potentially developing affectionless psychopath tendencies

55
Q

supportive research or Bowlby’s maternal deprivation and affectionless psychopathy

A

Bowlby’s 44 juvenile thieves research

56
Q

according to Romanian orphan studies which children showed an intellectual decline

A

longer times spent in an institution, more time primary attachment wasn’t developed and the more affected their IQ was

57
Q

Pasiak 2011 said what regarding interactional synchrony

A

infants exhibit a high degree of reciprocity and are responsive to each other’s cues

Psychology (12 decks)

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