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research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an experimental hypothesis?

A

a general prediction about the direction of interaction between the IV and the Dv and the population

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2
Q

what are the four elements of an operational hypothesis?

A
  • a testable prediction
  • population
  • operationalised IV
  • operationalised DV
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3
Q

what is the confounding effect?

A

then uncontrolled variable has an effect on the DV

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4
Q

what is artificiality?

A

unnatural environment effects the experiment

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5
Q

what are demand characteristics?

A

know they are being studied so they change

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6
Q

what is an independent groups design?

A

randomly sampled to control and experimental groups

  • popular and easy to administer
  • doesn’t minimise potential difference in characteristics
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7
Q

what is the matched participants design?

A

involves pairing each participant based on a characteristic they share
randomly allocated to control and experimental
- even spread of participants characteristics
- involves protesting

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8
Q

what is a repeated measures design?

A

same participants for both

  • eliminates differences
  • creates order effect but counterbalancing eliminates order effect
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9
Q

what is a cross sectional design?

A

studies cohorts who differ in age at the same time

  • quick, easy, cheap
  • creates cohort effect
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10
Q

what is a longitudinal design?

A

study same people at different times

  • no cohort effect
  • expensive, time consuming, lose participants, cross generational problem
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11
Q

what is a longitudinal sequential design?

A

groups of participants are studied over time and at each measurement a new group is added that was the same age as the first group at the beginning of the study
- complex and expensive

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12
Q

what is the cross cultural approach?

A

start with a theory in one culture then apply it to another.

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13
Q

what is subjective data?

A

observations of behaviour

- biased and difficult to statistically analyse

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14
Q

what is objective data?

A

numerical.

  • can be statistically analysed
  • easily measured and compared
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15
Q

what is qualitative data?

A

changes in quality of behaviour and in words

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16
Q

what is quantitative data?

A

numerical and easily measured and compared

17
Q

what are the non experimental designs?

A 
case studies
observational method
naturalistic observation
self reports
correlational study 
brain imaging 
archival research
18
Q

what are the advantages of a naturalistic observation?

A

natural setting
offer ideas for further research
if lab isn’t possible

19
Q

what are the disadvantages of a naturalistic observation?

A

time consuming
expensive
no variable control
aware so act differently

20
Q

what are the advantages of self reports?

A 
fast
cheap
easy 
lots of data
flexible
21
Q

what are the disadvantages of self reports?

A

unrepresentative
poor questions
participant variables

22
Q

what are the three types of correlational studies?

A

naturalistic observation
survey methods
archival research

23
Q

what are brain imaging techniques?

A

gain structural of functional images of an active brain

  • highly specific
  • expensive and hard to generalise
24
Q

what are the advantages of archival research?

A

analyse studies
provides a better view
less expensive

25
Q

what are the disadvantages of archival research?

A

cannot change anything
no control
dates may be missing
unreliable research

26
Q

what is descriptive data?

A

summarise, organise and describe data

- allows data to be easily interpreted

27
Q

what is inferential statistics?

A

allows us to make inferences

- form conclusions, generalise findings and determine validity

28
Q

what are the forms of reliability?

A

internal consistency
test retest
parallel forms
inter rater

29
Q

what is internal consistency reliability?

A

all items contribute equally

30
Q

what is test retest reliability?

A

same result, different time

31
Q

what is inter rater reliability?

A

same assessment, different administrators

32
Q

what are the forms of validity?

A

content
construct
external
criteria related

33
Q

what is content validity?

A

tools assessing what they are meant to

34
Q

what is construct validity?

A

tools assessing the content they are meant to

35
Q

what is external validity?

A

can be generalised to the population?

36
Q

what is criteria related validity?

A

consistent with other research

psychology (9 decks)

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