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relational influences Flashcards

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1
Q

what is conflict?

A

conflict is a perception that 2 parties, whether individuals or groups, believe that they have incompatible goals, ideas or behaviours.

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2
Q

what are impacts of conflict?

A
  • can be socially destructive

- mirror image perception

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3
Q

solutions to resolve conflict

A
  • imposed
  • distributive
  • intergrative
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4
Q

what is an imposed solution?

A

dictated by a third party

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5
Q

what is a distributive solution?

A

compromise

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6
Q

what is an intergrative solution?

A

win win

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7
Q

what are the techniques to resolve conflict?

A
  • counselling
  • negotiation
  • mediation
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8
Q

what is counselling?

A

when conflicts arise in a family usually, counsellor helps them find a solution

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9
Q

what is negotiation?

A

some shared interests but also some opposed interests

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10
Q

what is mediation?

A

bringing in a third party to enable the conflict to be settled
helps parties to reach a voluntary solution

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11
Q

what is socialisation?

A

the process by which we learn to become members of society, both by internalising the norms and values of society, and also by learning to perform our social roles

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12
Q

what was harry harlow’s study?

A

rhesus monkey experiment

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13
Q

what was harry harlow’s aim?

A

find out the importance of a caregivers love for healthy childhood development

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14
Q

what was harry harlow’s method?

A
  • observational
  • eight monkeys
  • two surrogate mothers
  • wire mother had food
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15
Q

what were the results of harry harlow’s study?

A

preferred to be with the cloth mother even when in need of comfort or security

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16
Q

what was harry harlow’s conclusion?

A

that love and affection was more important for development than food from mothers.

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17
Q

who were the two key theorists for attachment?

A

john bowlby and mary ainsworth

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18
Q

what is attachment?

A

the formation of a close emotional bond with a parent or caregiver

19
Q

what were the main points of bowlby’s research?

A
  • a child has an innate need to attach to one main attachment figure
  • a child should receive the continous care of this attachment figure for the first two years of life
  • there are long term consequences of maternal deprivation
  • short term seperation leads distress
  • relationship leads to the development of an internal working model
20
Q

what are the long term consequences of maternal deprivation?

A
  • delinquency
  • reduced intelligence
  • increased aggression
  • depression
  • affectionless psychopathy
21
Q

what was the aim of bowlby’s 44 thieves study?

A

to investigate the long term effects of maternal deprivation on people in order to see whether delinquents have suffered deprivation.

22
Q

what was the method of the 44 thieves study?

A

88 children were sleected, 44 were thieves. IQ’s were tested and their emotional attitudes towards the tests. parents were interviewed. they made seperate reports. the psychiatrist than conducted an initial interview with the child and the parent

23
Q

what were the findings of the 44 thieves experiment?

A

more than half of the thieves had been seperated
32% showed psychopathy
86% of psychopaths had been seperated

24
Q

what was the conclusion of the 44 thieves experiment?

A

maternal deprivation caused permanent emotional damage. he diagnosed this as psychopathy which is characterised by a lack of emotional development, lack of concern for others, lack of guilt and inability to form meaningful and lasting relationships.

25
Q

what was the aim of mary ainsworth’s strange situation?

A

her aim was to investigate who attachment varies.

26
Q

what was the method of mary ainsworth’s strange situation?

A

the participant was placed in a small room with one way glass, the children were 12 to 18 months old and over 100 children were sampled. the researchers observed the behaviour of the infant in a series of eight episodes of the mother with the baby, mother leaving the baby alone, a stranger with the baby, the mother and the stranger and the reunion of the mother and baby.

27
Q

what were the strange situation classifications based on?

A

based primarily on four interactive behaviours directed towards the mother in the reunion scenarios. these were: proximity and contact seeking, contact maintaining, avoidance of proximity and contact and resistance to contact and comforting.

28
Q

what were her findings?

A

she identified through this study 3 main attachment types, secure (B), insecure avoidant (A), and insecure ambivalent/resistance ( C ).

29
Q

what did type B involve?

A
  • confident in caregiver
  • used them as a base to explore
  • easily soothed
  • developed when giver is sensitive and responds appropriately
30
Q

what did type A involve?

A
  • do not orientate to figure
  • very independent
  • no desire for comfort
  • due to figure being insensitive and rejecting their needs
31
Q

what did type C involve?

A
  • clingy but reject them when interacting
  • no feelings of security
  • difficult to soothe
  • inconsistent level of response for their needs
32
Q

what van ijzendoorn and kroonenburg interested in studying?

A

similarities and differences within and between cultures in terms of attachment types

33
Q

what were van ijzendoorn and kroonenburg’s findings?

A

found that all types were shown in all cultures but type B was most common across the board, type A in western cultures and type C in japan and israel.

34
Q

what did abraham sagi investigate?

A

how early childhood rearing leads to differences in the proportion of each type as different cultures have different childrearing techniques

35
Q

what was abraham sagi’s method?

A

as a high proportion of children in israel were type C he investigated their childrearing differences. as babies were commonly sent to a infant house at six weeks with only two watch women taking care of them at night it lead to a delay in their needs being meet, causing type C attachment.

36
Q

what were abraham sagi’s findings?

A

sagi compared with to home rearing and found that 52% of children reared in traditional israeli child rearing were type C, compared to only 20% of children reared at home.

37
Q

what is a criticism of the strange situation?

A

whether the method measures attachment or strangeness

38
Q

what did Diana baumrinds study involve?

A

100 pre school aged children.

naturalisation observation, parental interviews

39
Q

what were the dimensions that were tested in baumrinds study?

A

disciplinary starter ties, warmth and nurturing, communication styles and expectations of maturity and control

40
Q

what were the three parenting styles?

A

authoritarian
authoritative
permissive

41
Q

what did authoritarian parenting consist of?

A 
strict rules
failure to follow leads to punishment 
don't reason rules
high demands but are not responsive 
"are obedience and status orientated and expect their orders to be obeyed with no explanation"
42
Q

what does authoritative parenting consist of?

A

establish rules but more democratic
responsive and open to questions
nurturing and forgiving
assertive but not intrusive

43
Q

what does permissive parenting consist of?

A

very few demands
rarely discipline as they have low expectations
more responsive then demanding
non traditional and lenient
do not require maturity and allow self regulation
generally nurturing and communicative

psychology (9 decks)

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