developmental Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

define developmental psychology

A

developmental psychology is a scientific approach which aims to explain how children and adults change over time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why is childhood the focus?

A

childhood is the period during an individuals lifespan when the most change occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the four areas of developmental?

A

biological, social, emotional and cognitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the three goals of developmental?

A

describe, explain and optimise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is normative development?

A

typical patterns of change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is idiographic development?

A

individual patterns of change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what was piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

A

The theory of cognitive development explains how a child constructs a mental model of the world. Piaget regarded cognitive development as a process which occurs due to biological maturation and the environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the four stages of piaget’s theory?

A

sensorimotor, pre operational, concrete operational, formal operational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the characterisitics of the sensorimotor stage?

A
  • know the world through movements and sensations
  • learn through basic actions
  • learn things exist even if they are not seen (object permanence)
  • separate beings from the people and objects around them
  • actions can cause things to happen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the characteristics of the pre operational stage?

A
  • being to think symbolically and learn to use words or images to represent things
  • tends to be egocentric and struggle to see other people’s points of view
  • still think in very concrete terms
  • more skilled at pretend play but still struggle with logic and understanding the idea of constancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the characteristics of the concrete operational stage?

A
  • Think logically about concrete events
  • Understand the concept of conservation
  • thinking becomes more logical and organised but still very concrete
  • begin using inductive reasoning
  • less egocentric and more understanding of others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the characteristics of the formal operational stage?

A
  • think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems
  • abstract thought emerges
  • think about moral, philosophical, ethical, social and political issues
  • begin to use deductive logic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are schemas?

A

describes both the mental and physical actions involved in understanding and knowing. they are categories of knowledge that help us to interpret and understand.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is assimilation?

A

the process of taking in new information into our already existing schemas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is accommodation?

A

changing or altering our existing schemas in light of new information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is equilibration?

A

striking a balance between assimilation and accommodation

17
Q

what are the strengths of piaget’s theory?

A
  • changed how we study children
  • huge amount of research
  • been of practical use
  • improved education
18
Q

what are the limitations of piaget’s theory?

A
  • didn’t consider culture
  • open to interpretation
  • subjective
  • underestimated children
  • small sample size
  • not past adolescence
19
Q

what was kohlberg’s study about?

A

Sought to describe the development of moral reasoning. Posed moral dilemmas to children and adolescents and found stages of moral development.

20
Q

what are the three areas of moral development?

A

pre conventional, conventional, post conventional

21
Q

what is stage one?

A

punishment and obedience

22
Q

what is stage two?

A

instrumental and concrete

23
Q

what is stage three?

A

interpersonal relationships

24
Q

what is stage four?

A

authority and social order

25
Q

what is stage five?

A

social contract

26
Q

what is stage six?

A

universal principles

27
Q

what are the criticisms of kohlberg’s study?

A
  • developmental sequence
  • gender bias
  • culture bias
28
Q

what was erikson’s theory?

A

psychosocial crisis - theory of identity

29
Q

what were the stages of erikson’s theory?

A
  • trust vs mistrust
  • autonomy vs shame
  • initiative vs guilt
  • industry vs inferiotity
  • indentiy vs confusion
  • intimacy vs isolation
  • generativity vs stagnation
  • integrity vs despair
30
Q

what are the eight virtues?

A

hope, will, purpose, competency, fidelity, love, care, wisdom

31
Q

strengths of erikson’s theory?

A
  • strong face validity

- ties together important psychosocial development over the lifespan

32
Q

limitations of erikson’s theory?

A
  • vague about causes of development
  • no universal mechanism for resolution
  • doesn’t explain how one crisis influences personality later
  • no objective way of assessment
33
Q

what is bandura’s theory?

A

social learning theory

34
Q

what are the two main component’s of bandura’s theory?

A

learning and modelling

35
Q

what is learning?

A

function of observing, retaining and replicating

36
Q

what is modelling?

A

occurs when one observes the behaviour and consequence of another to influence himself

37
Q

what are the four meditational processes?

A

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

38
Q

strengths of bandura

A
  • Easily handles inconsistencies in behaviour
  • Optimistic, in a good way
  • Accurate picture explaining how behaviour is learned
  • Offers a way to integrate social and cognitive theories
  • Allows and accounts for cognitive processes
  • Explains a large number of behaviours
  • Accurate and easy to understand
39
Q

limitations of bandura

A
  • Too heavy of an emphasis on what happens instead of what the observer does with what happens
  • Does not take into account physical and mental changes
  • Doesn’t explain all behaviour
  • Doesn’t explain behavioural differences
  • Doesn’t take in account that what one person views as punishment, another person may view as a reward
    BIASES