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cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

cognition definition

A

a general term used to refer to the “higher” mental abilities. generally taken to include such forms of mental activity as thinking, conceptualisation, memory, representation, mental imagery, perception, attention, reasoning and decision making.

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2
Q

what are the three assumptions of the infomation processing approach?

A
  • info is processed by a series of systems
  • systems transform or alter the info
  • the aim of research is to specify the processes and structures that underline cognative performance
  • info processing in humans resembles computers
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3
Q

what are the three memory systems?

A

sensory memory, short term, long term

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4
Q

what does the multi store model of memory consist of?

A

capacity, duration and function

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5
Q

what is the information processing model?

A

attkinson and shiffrin suggested that memory is made up of a series of stores. explains how processes such as sensation, perception, attention and memory are controlled.

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6
Q

how is memory mentally represented?

A

memory is the psychological version of the original sound, though, subject or concept

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7
Q

what is encoding?

A

changing infor into a form in which the brain is able to store
must attend to the info for it to be encoded

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8
Q

what is storage?

A

refacing the info into memory

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9
Q

what is retrieval?

A

ability to locate and recover previously stored info

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10
Q

what is sensory memory?

A

memory retained for short periods of time (3-4 secs)

stores all five senses in specific registers

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11
Q

what are the two parts of sensory memory?

A

iconic and echonic memory

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12
Q

what is iconic memory?

A

temporarily stores sensory info of a visual nature

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13
Q

what is echonic memory?

A

temporarily stores sensory info of an auditory nature

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14
Q

what is short term memory?

A

thoughts, words, images available for decision making and problem solving

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15
Q

how long is info stored in stm? how much?

A

30 seconds

george miller - 7 +- 2

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16
Q

how can you transfer info from stm to ltm?

A

maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal and chunking

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17
Q

what is maintenance rehearsal?

A

meaningless rote repetition of material to be remembered

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18
Q

what is elaborative rehearsal?

A

applying meaning to new words in order to retain them in memory

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19
Q

what is chunking?

A

material is combined into a larger, meaningful group

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20
Q

who created the theory of working memory?

A

baddley and hitch 1974

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21
Q

what are the three parts of working memory?

A

central executive, phonological loop, visou spatial sketchpad

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22
Q

what is the central executive?

A

boss of the working memory
controls and coordinates the slave systems
controls attention, sends incoming info to the relevant components and stores all sensory info

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23
Q

what is the visou spatial sketchpad?

A

stores and manipulates info of a visual and spatial nature

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24
Q

what is the phonological loop

A

stores and manipulates info of an auditory nature

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25
what are the predictions of the working memory model?
- if two tasks make use of the same component they cannot be performed together - if two make use of different components they can be performed together
26
what is long term memory?
a relatively permanent storage facility for an infinite amount of information
27
what is the capacity of the ltm?
unknown but thought to be unlimited
28
what are the two areas of ltm?
procedural memory and declaritve memory
29
what is procedural memory?
the way you do things | unconscious
30
what is declarative memory?
the way of memory | conscious
31
what are the two areas of declarative memory?
episodic and semantic
32
what is episodic memory?
the memory of your own set of autobiographical events
33
what is semantic memory?
factual knowledge posessed about the outside world
34
what are the three r's?
recall, recognition and relearning
35
what is recall?
being able to access the information without being cued
36
what is recognition?
identifying after experiencing it again
37
what is relearning?
involves retaining info that has been previously learned
38
what is the definition of forgetting?
a failure to access info that had previously been stored in memory
39
what is forgetting caused by?
a range of different deficiencies in encoding, storage and retrieval
40
what are the causes of forgetting?
retrieval failure theory, interference theory, motivated forgetting, decay and organic
41
what is the retrieval forgetting theory?
forgetting occurs because of a failure to use the right, correct or appropriate cues at a certain time
42
what is interference theory?
when two pieces of info are so similar it leads to a situation called interference causing us to forget the info
43
what are the two types of interference?
proactive interference and retroactive interference
44
what is proactive interference?
interference of old memories on the retrieval of new info
45
what is retroactive interference?
new info interfers with the ability to remember old info
46
what is motivated forgetting?
when there is a strong desire to forget because the memory is either too traumatic, disturbing, anxiety provoking or upsetting
47
what are the two types of motivated forgetting?
repression and suppression
48
what is repression?
keeping thought buried in the unconscious
49
what is supression
a deliberate effort to keep them out of the conscious mind
50
what is decay theory?
forgetting occurs because the memory trace tends to gradually fade or decay over time
51
what is the organic theory of forgetting?
forgetting occurs due to some brain damage
52
what is learning?
a relatively permanent change often of behaviour, that occurs as a result of experience
53
what is classical conditioning?
an association forming between two stimuli, one of which is not normally associated with the response, such that the appearance of stimulus alone results in the response behaviour
54
what is conditioning?
the association made by the learner between a stimulus and a response
55
what is stimulus?
any variable present that may trigger a response
56
what is a response?
any action or behaviour that is exhibited
57
what is the neutral stimulus?
any stimulus that produces no relevant responses prior to classical conditioning
58
what is the unconditioned stimulus?
any stimulus that consistently leads to a reflexive response
59
what is the conditioned stimulus?
a previously neutral response that has become associated with a stimulus by which it was not previously caused by the process
60
what is the unconditioned response?
unlearned, reflexive and involuntary response to a stimulus
61
what is the conditioned response?
a reflexive and involuntary response that has become associated with a stimulus by which it was not previously caused during classical conditioning
62
what is operant conditioning?
the changing of behaviour by the use of reinforcement which is given after the desired response
63
what are the three types of responses or operants?
neutral operants reinforcers punishers
64
what is positive reinforcement?
strengthens a behaviour by providing a rewarding consequence
65
what is negative reinforcement?
the removal of an unpleasant reinforcer to strengthen behaviour
66
what is punishment?
designed to weaken or eliminate a response
67
what are schedules of reinforcement?
different patterns had different effects on the speed of learning
68
what are the different types of reinforcement?
``` continuous fixed ratio variable ratio fixed interval variable internal ```
69
what is behaviour shaping?
principles of operant conditioning can be used to produce extremely complex behaviour
70
what is observational learning?
the environment causes behaviour and learning, and behaviour can change the environment
71
what are the factors involved in observational learning?
attention retention reproduction innovation
72
what is behaviour modification?
application of classical and operant techniques
73
what are the techniques of modifying behaviour?
token economy systematic desensitisation cbt positive or negative reinforcement
74
what are token economies?
artificial systems of reward and reinforcement where symbolic markers are used to reward behaviour
75
what is systematic desensitisation?
the fear response is replaced with a more relaxed response in a step by step process
76
what is cbt?
a type of psychotherapy that helps people to change unhelpful or unhealthy thinking, habits, feelings and behaviours

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