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Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Dv and Iv

A

The Dv is what you’re measuring

Iv this is the variable that’s being changed

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2
Q

What is the hypothesis

A

A statement about the assumed relationship between two variables

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3
Q

What is meant by an operationalised variable

A

Making sure all variables are in a form where they can be tested and easily

(Ie education gsce history grade)

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4
Q

What are standardised procedures

A

This is that all participants do the same procedures ie take a test

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5
Q

What are extraneous variables

A

They don’t vary with the Iv systematically but can affect DV

Ie time of day they take a test

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6
Q

What is a confounding variable

A

A variable that isn’t the Iv but varies systematically with the Iv means that changes may be caused by the confounding variable not the Iv

Ie Harlow’s monkeys

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7
Q

What is mundane realism

A

It’s how much the experiment/relates to real life so it can be applied to real life

Ie Stanford prison

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8
Q

What is validity

A

This is how legitimate something is as an explanation of behaviour

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9
Q

States types of validity

A

Internal-this is control and realism within the study

External-this is about generalising findings from participants to other people

Population-how well the sample could be extrapolated to the population

Face validity-this refers to the degree to which the test appears to measure the variable that’s it’s meant to

Ecological validity- how well the study replicates real life

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10
Q

State the two types of hypothesis and how can we distinguish between them

A

Directional and non directional

Directional states the expected direction between two conditions non directional states their a difference

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11
Q

When are directional and non directional hypothesis used

A

Directional is used when theirs past research to suggest findings

Non directional is used when theirs non past research

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12
Q

What is a pilot study

A

It’s a small scale trail run of the study in the view to making any improvements to aspects of the study

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13
Q

What is experimental design

A

A set procedures that are used to control the influences of factors like participant variables

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14
Q

What are the types of experimental design

A

Repeated measures
Independent group design
Matched pairs design

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15
Q

What are repeated measures

A

This when all levels of the Iv are done by participants so all tasks are completed

We can compare the DV

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16
Q

What are the limitations of repeated measures

A

Demand characterises in which participants are aware if the aim of the study so change their behaviour accordingly

Order effect, the order of conditions can inhibit performance

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17
Q

State some strengths of repeated measures

A

Not as time consuming

Less participants are needed

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18
Q

What is counter balancing

A

This is that we ensure all conditions are tested first and second in equal amounts

Ie trail condition A-with music
Condition B-without music
M. Condition B without music
Condition A with music

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19
Q

What is matched pairs design

A

When participants are matched in key characteristics that are relevant to the task like IQ

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20
Q

NameWeaknesses of matched pairs design

A

Not possible to control all participant variables

Very time consuming and hard to match participants on key variables

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21
Q

State some strengths of matched pairs

A

No issue with demand characterises

No issue with order effect

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22
Q

What is meant by independent group design

A

It’s when participants are separated into groups with each group doing only one level of the Iv

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23
Q

Give weakness of independent design

A

Need lots of participants to get sufficient amount of data

Researcher can’t control effect of participant variables ie different level of abilities

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24
Q

Give strengths of independent group design

A

Not time consuming

No issue of order effects

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25
Q

What is a lan experiment

A

The experiment is conducted in a special environment where the variables are carefully controlled with the Iv being manipulated by the experimenter

Ie loftus
Moscovicii

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26
Q

Give strengths and weaknesses of lab studies

A

Variables are controlled
High internal validity
No ethical issues

Weaknesses
Low ecological validity (don’t replicate real life)
Demand characterises

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27
Q

What is a Field experiment

A

The experiment is controlled outside a laboratory conducted in a more natural setting

The Iv is manipulated by the experimenter still

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28
Q

Give strength and weaknesses of a field experiment

A

Strength

More mundane realism

More natural behaviour is exhibted by participants

Weaknesses
Ethical issues
More differcult to control extraneous variables
Low internal validity

Example bushman.

29
Q

What is a natural experiment

A

Studies in which the Iv changes naturally and it’s manipulated by the experimenter

Ie Romanian orphans(stage at which they wrecked adopted

30
Q

Give some strengths and weaknesses of natural experiment w

A

Increased mundane realism and ecological validity

Allows for reasrxh where Iv can’t be manipulated for ethical reasons

Weaknesses
Can’t demonstrate causal relationships as Iv. Isnt manipulated

Issue with confounding variables as variables aren’t controlled properly

31
Q

What are quasi experiments

A

When a relationship is investigated between an Iv and Dv in cases where the Iv is a person characteristic

Ie gender

32
Q

Give a strength and weaknesses of quasi experiments

A

Allows for comparison between people

Weaknesses
Participants maybe aware they are being studied

Limited is only can be used where conditions vary naturally

Dv maybe artificial task reduces ecological validity

33
Q

What are demand characterises

A

When by cues participants are aware of the aims of the study so change their behaviour accordingly

Stanford prison study

34
Q

What are investigator effects

A

These are cues from the investigator other than the Iv that encourage certain behaviours in participants

35
Q

State how you would deal with investigator effects and explain what they are

A

Single blind- when participants are unaware of the aims of the research

Double blind- when both participants and the person conducting the experiment are unaware of the aims of the study

36
Q

What is meant by population

A

A group of individuals a researcher is interested
In

Ie Emerson and Schaffer

37
Q

What is the sample

A

When out of the population the researcher selects a smaller group of participants so it’s a representation of the population

38
Q

What are the 5 methods of sampling

A 
Random sampling 
Stratified sampling 
Opportunity sample 
Volunteer sample 
Systematic sampling
39
Q

What is opportunity sampling

A

Participants are selected as they are most easily available at the time of the study

Ie student at your school

40
Q

Give a strength and limitation of opportunity sampling

A

Strength -easiest method as it takes less time to locate your sample in comparison to other methods

Limitation- sample is drawn from a small part of the population (slightly biased)

41
Q

What is random sampling give examples of techniques

A

When a random technique is used to generate a population

Ie lottery method-numbers drawn from hat

Random number generator- everyone in the population ie number and number are drawn

42
Q

Give a strength and weakness of random sampling

A

Strength it’s unbiased

Limitation-it’s very time consuming

43
Q

What is Stratified sample

A

Within the population subgroups called strata are identified(age groups or gender)

From each strata participants are obtained by random selection and it’s done in proportion to their occurrence in the population

44
Q

Give a strength and weakness of Stratford sampling

A

Strength is that it’s more representative of the population

Limitation- very time consuming

45
Q

What is systematic sampling

A

A predetermined system is used to select participants

Every 5th person

46
Q

Give a strength and weak of systematic sampling

A

It’s not biased

Time consuming

47
Q

What volunteer sampling

A

When participants are selected after responding to advertisement

48
Q

Give a strength and weakness of volunteer sampling

A

Strength-gives access to a variety of participants so sample is more representative

Limitation-volunteer biased participants maybe be highly motivated to do well

49
Q

What are ethical issues

A

Conflict between what the researcher needs to conduct a useful study and the rights of the participants

50
Q

State the six components of ethical issues

A 
Privacy
Deception 
Informed constent 
Confidentiality 
Right to withdraw 
Protection from physical and psychological harm
51
Q

What is informed consent

A

After receiving info of the Study participants choose. If they should take part

Milgram didn’t

52
Q

What is deception

A

When a participant isn’t told the true aims of a study so they can’t give informed consent

53
Q

What is meant by right to withdraw

A

That participants can choose to stop taking part if they are uncomfortable at all

54
Q

What is meant by protection from physical and psychological harm

A

That participants shouldn’t experience any negative physical and psychological effects

Ie Stanford

55
Q

What is confidentiality

A

That personal information between participant and the researcher is kept secret and info is protected

(Guaranteed anonymity)

56
Q

What is privacy

A

That a person has the right to control info about themselfves

57
Q

What are the 4 principles of the BPS

A

Respect-respect for dignity and worth of all persons

Integrity -researchers should be honest and accurate

Responsibility - they have the responsibility to their clients and public in protecting them

Competence-all psychologists should maintain high standards in their work

58
Q

Distinguish between type 1 and 2 error

A

Type 1 is when theirs a g
False positive and we accept the alternative hypotheses when we shouldn’t this occurs due to large significance

Type 2 error is when we accept the null when we reject it we have a false positive due to high significance level

59
Q

What is nominal data

A

This is when the data is in categories

60
Q

What is ordinal data

A

The data is put in a rank

61
Q

What is interval data

A

When data is put in rank

62
Q

Give the 3 ways when asssesing the data when picking a test

A

Difference or correlation

Research design

Levels of measurement

63
Q

When is spearman used

And when Persons used

A

Correlation

Ordinal

Related

Person,correlation,interval and related

64
Q

When is wilcoxon and when’s man Whitney used

A

Difference
Ordinal related

Mann whitey-difference,ordinal,unrelated

65
Q

When is Unrelated test used and when’s related

A

Difference,interval and unrelated

Related t test -difference,(parametric ,related

66
Q

What is chi squared used and sign test

A

Association,difference,ordinal,unrelated

Sign,difference,nominal related

67
Q

Which tests involve norminal data

A

Sign and chi

68
Q

Which test involve interval data

A

Unrelated t test and related t test

Pearsons

69
Q

Which test involve ordinal data

A

Wilcoxon
Mann Whitney U
Spearmans

Psychology (7 decks)

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