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Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Dv and Iv

A

The Dv is what you’re measuring

Iv this is the variable that’s being changed

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2
Q

What is the hypothesis

A

A statement about the assumed relationship between two variables

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3
Q

What is meant by an operationalised variable

A

Making sure all variables are in a form where they can be tested and easily

(Ie education gsce history grade)

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4
Q

What are standardised procedures

A

This is that all participants do the same procedures ie take a test

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5
Q

What are extraneous variables

A

They don’t vary with the Iv systematically but can affect DV

Ie time of day they take a test

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6
Q

What is a confounding variable

A

A variable that isn’t the Iv but varies systematically with the Iv means that changes may be caused by the confounding variable not the Iv

Ie Harlow’s monkeys

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7
Q

What is mundane realism

A

It’s how much the experiment/relates to real life so it can be applied to real life

Ie Stanford prison

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8
Q

What is validity

A

This is how legitimate something is as an explanation of behaviour

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9
Q

States types of validity

A

Internal-this is control and realism within the study

External-this is about generalising findings from participants to other people

Population-how well the sample could be extrapolated to the population

Face validity-this refers to the degree to which the test appears to measure the variable that’s it’s meant to

Ecological validity- how well the study replicates real life

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10
Q

State the two types of hypothesis and how can we distinguish between them

A

Directional and non directional

Directional states the expected direction between two conditions non directional states their a difference

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11
Q

When are directional and non directional hypothesis used

A

Directional is used when theirs past research to suggest findings

Non directional is used when theirs non past research

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12
Q

What is a pilot study

A

It’s a small scale trail run of the study in the view to making any improvements to aspects of the study

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13
Q

What is experimental design

A

A set procedures that are used to control the influences of factors like participant variables

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14
Q

What are the types of experimental design

A

Repeated measures
Independent group design
Matched pairs design

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15
Q

What are repeated measures

A

This when all levels of the Iv are done by participants so all tasks are completed

We can compare the DV

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16
Q

What are the limitations of repeated measures

A

Demand characterises in which participants are aware if the aim of the study so change their behaviour accordingly

Order effect, the order of conditions can inhibit performance

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17
Q

State some strengths of repeated measures

A

Not as time consuming

Less participants are needed

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18
Q

What is counter balancing

A

This is that we ensure all conditions are tested first and second in equal amounts

Ie trail condition A-with music
Condition B-without music
M. Condition B without music
Condition A with music

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19
Q

What is matched pairs design

A

When participants are matched in key characteristics that are relevant to the task like IQ

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20
Q

NameWeaknesses of matched pairs design

A

Not possible to control all participant variables

Very time consuming and hard to match participants on key variables

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21
Q

State some strengths of matched pairs

A

No issue with demand characterises

No issue with order effect

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22
Q

What is meant by independent group design

A

It’s when participants are separated into groups with each group doing only one level of the Iv

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23
Q

Give weakness of independent design

A

Need lots of participants to get sufficient amount of data

Researcher can’t control effect of participant variables ie different level of abilities

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24
Q

Give strengths of independent group design

A

Not time consuming

No issue of order effects

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25
What is a lan experiment
The experiment is conducted in a special environment where the variables are carefully controlled with the Iv being manipulated by the experimenter Ie loftus Moscovicii
26
Give strengths and weaknesses of lab studies
Variables are controlled High internal validity No ethical issues Weaknesses Low ecological validity (don't replicate real life) Demand characterises
27
What is a Field experiment
The experiment is controlled outside a laboratory conducted in a more natural setting The Iv is manipulated by the experimenter still
28
Give strength and weaknesses of a field experiment
Strength More mundane realism More natural behaviour is exhibted by participants Weaknesses Ethical issues More differcult to control extraneous variables Low internal validity Example bushman.
29
What is a natural experiment
Studies in which the Iv changes naturally and it's manipulated by the experimenter Ie Romanian orphans(stage at which they wrecked adopted
30
Give some strengths and weaknesses of natural experiment w
Increased mundane realism and ecological validity Allows for reasrxh where Iv can't be manipulated for ethical reasons Weaknesses Can't demonstrate causal relationships as Iv. Isnt manipulated Issue with confounding variables as variables aren't controlled properly
31
What are quasi experiments
When a relationship is investigated between an Iv and Dv in cases where the Iv is a person characteristic Ie gender
32
Give a strength and weaknesses of quasi experiments
Allows for comparison between people Weaknesses Participants maybe aware they are being studied Limited is only can be used where conditions vary naturally Dv maybe artificial task reduces ecological validity
33
What are demand characterises
When by cues participants are aware of the aims of the study so change their behaviour accordingly Stanford prison study
34
What are investigator effects
These are cues from the investigator other than the Iv that encourage certain behaviours in participants
35
State how you would deal with investigator effects and explain what they are
Single blind- when participants are unaware of the aims of the research Double blind- when both participants and the person conducting the experiment are unaware of the aims of the study
36
What is meant by population
A group of individuals a researcher is interested In Ie Emerson and Schaffer
37
What is the sample
When out of the population the researcher selects a smaller group of participants so it's a representation of the population
38
What are the 5 methods of sampling
``` Random sampling Stratified sampling Opportunity sample Volunteer sample Systematic sampling ```
39
What is opportunity sampling
Participants are selected as they are most easily available at the time of the study Ie student at your school
40
Give a strength and limitation of opportunity sampling
Strength -easiest method as it takes less time to locate your sample in comparison to other methods Limitation- sample is drawn from a small part of the population (slightly biased)
41
What is random sampling give examples of techniques
When a random technique is used to generate a population Ie lottery method-numbers drawn from hat Random number generator- everyone in the population ie number and number are drawn
42
Give a strength and weakness of random sampling
Strength it's unbiased Limitation-it's very time consuming
43
What is Stratified sample
Within the population subgroups called strata are identified(age groups or gender) From each strata participants are obtained by random selection and it's done in proportion to their occurrence in the population
44
Give a strength and weakness of Stratford sampling
Strength is that it's more representative of the population Limitation- very time consuming
45
What is systematic sampling
A predetermined system is used to select participants Every 5th person
46
Give a strength and weak of systematic sampling
It's not biased Time consuming
47
What volunteer sampling
When participants are selected after responding to advertisement
48
Give a strength and weakness of volunteer sampling
Strength-gives access to a variety of participants so sample is more representative Limitation-volunteer biased participants maybe be highly motivated to do well
49
What are ethical issues
Conflict between what the researcher needs to conduct a useful study and the rights of the participants
50
State the six components of ethical issues
``` Privacy Deception Informed constent Confidentiality Right to withdraw Protection from physical and psychological harm ```
51
What is informed consent
After receiving info of the Study participants choose. If they should take part Milgram didn't
52
What is deception
When a participant isn't told the true aims of a study so they can't give informed consent
53
What is meant by right to withdraw
That participants can choose to stop taking part if they are uncomfortable at all
54
What is meant by protection from physical and psychological harm
That participants shouldn't experience any negative physical and psychological effects Ie Stanford
55
What is confidentiality
That personal information between participant and the researcher is kept secret and info is protected (Guaranteed anonymity)
56
What is privacy
That a person has the right to control info about themselfves
57
What are the 4 principles of the BPS
Respect-respect for dignity and worth of all persons Integrity -researchers should be honest and accurate Responsibility - they have the responsibility to their clients and public in protecting them Competence-all psychologists should maintain high standards in their work
58
Distinguish between type 1 and 2 error
Type 1 is when theirs a g False positive and we accept the alternative hypotheses when we shouldn't this occurs due to large significance Type 2 error is when we accept the null when we reject it we have a false positive due to high significance level
59
What is nominal data
This is when the data is in categories
60
What is ordinal data
The data is put in a rank
61
What is interval data
When data is put in rank
62
Give the 3 ways when asssesing the data when picking a test
Difference or correlation Research design Levels of measurement
63
When is spearman used And when Persons used
Correlation Ordinal Related Person,correlation,interval and related
64
When is wilcoxon and when's man Whitney used
Difference Ordinal related Mann whitey-difference,ordinal,unrelated
65
When is Unrelated test used and when's related
Difference,interval and unrelated Related t test -difference,(parametric ,related
66
What is chi squared used and sign test
Association,difference,ordinal,unrelated Sign,difference,nominal related
67
Which tests involve norminal data
Sign and chi
68
Which test involve interval data
Unrelated t test and related t test Pearsons
69
Which test involve ordinal data
Wilcoxon Mann Whitney U Spearmans

Psychology (7 decks)

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