Attachment Flashcards
1
Q
What is reciprocity
A
Responding to another persons actions with a similar action or convo
2
Q
What did Brazelton 1979 state about reciprocity
A
It’s vital for foundations of attachment as by the caregiver responding regularly to the infants signals the infant begins to develop a bond
3
Q
What is interactional synchrony
A
When 2 people interact and mirror one another’s actions i.e. In terms of facial and body movements and emotions
4
Q
Describe metzoff and moores procedure in investigating interactional synchrony
A
They got an adult model to display facial and hand movements in a video and it was shown to a baby with a dummy in its mouth
After the video the found that baby imitated the expressions of the adult model showing interactional synchrony
5
Q
What did meltzoff and Moore find in the follow up study
A
They used babies that were 3 days old and found similar results which suggest its innate
6
Q
Give 4 evaluation points for caregiver interactions
A
Research support for interactional synchrony
Jean Piaget- pseudo imitation
Failure to replicate
Problems in testing infant behaviour
7
Q
What did Murray and trevarthen do and how is it a strength of caregiver interactions
A
They got infants and their mothers to interact via video camera
After a tape of the mother showing no emotion was shown to the infant, they found the infant tried to interact with the mother but couldn’t do it turned away
It’s a strength as it supports the notion behaviour is innate due to them only being 2 months old and reciprocity
8
Q
How are problems with testing infants behaviour a limitation of infant caregiver interactions
A
It’s difficult to determine specifically imitated behaviour as infants mouth are constantly in motion and expression
So it’s hard to distinguish between general activity and specfic imiatated behaviours
Had to measure infant caregiver interactions due to these issues
9
Q
How is failure to replicate a weakness of infant caregiver interactions
A
Research into reciprocity and interactional synchrony have failed to replicate meltzoff and moores findings
Koepke et al failed to replicate the results
Mariam et al found infants weren’t able to distinguish between live from video taped interactions suggesting they weren’t actually responding to them
Weakness as it shows findings weren’t reproducible so lack validity
10
Q
Who comprised a theory of the stages of attachment
A
Emerson and Schaffer
11
Q
Describe the procedure that Emerson and Schaffer conducted 1964
A
They studied 60 infants ranging from 5-23 weeks and the study lasted a year. Every 4 weeks they visted the mother and she would report how the child reacted to everyday scenarios such as being left in a room by themselfves(separation anxiety) They asked the mother the intensity at which the infant criedThey measured stranger anxiety by assesing how the child reacted to them when the visted
12
Q
What did jean Piaget say and how is it a limitation of infant caregiver interactions
A
He stated that infants were doing response training and not imitating behaviours
This means they would do actions that would gain a reward from the care giver and so they would repeat it
They couldn’t imitate until one years old
Limitation as It shows that infants aren’t actually interacting with caregivers via reciprocity and interactional synchrony
13
Q
What is stranger anxiety
A
Distress shown by an infant when they are encountered by an unfamiliar individual
14
Q
What were the four stages of attachment concluded by Emerson and Schaffer
A
1 indiscriminate attachments 2.The beginning of attachment 3. Discriminate attachment 4. Multiple attachment
15
Q
What is indiscriminate attachment
In the stages of attachment
A
It is lasts for about 2 months And it’s that’s infants will produce similar responses to all objects whether inanimate or animate
They show a preference for social stimuli and they develop relationships with people as a result of reciprocity and interactional synchrony
16
Q
What is the second stage the
beginnings of attachment
A
Infants become more social and being to enjoy being around people
They develop a liking of human company to that of inanimate objects
and are able to tell between familiar and unfamiliar people
17
Q
What is an infants general sociability (stage 2
A
There enjoyment of being around people
18
Q
In a stage 2 what don’t infants show
A
They are yet to show stranger anxiety and are comforted easily by anybody
19
Q
What is stage 3 discriminate attachment
A
They begin to show signs of separation anxiety when separated from caregiver And they begin to develop a primary attachment as they are most comforted by this individual and show joy when around that person
20
Q
In stage 3 what is another sign that primary attachment is developing
A
They begin to display stranger anxiety
21
Q
What did Emerson and Schaffer state what was important in attachment developing (stage 3)
A
They said the quality of attachment was essential in primary attachment developing
22
Q
What is stage 4 multiple attachments
A
Infants will develop multiple attachments which is dependant on the amount of consistent relationships They have This is includes father, grandparents known as secondary attachments
23
Q
In the study who was the primary attachment for infants
A
The mother in 65% of the studies
24
Q
What are weakness of Emerson and Schaffer study
A
Social desirability from the mothers A biased sample
25
Name a strength of Emerson and Schaffer study at the time
Real world application
26
How is social desirability from the mother a weakness from the study
Results were based on mothers report and they may not be entirely truthful as they would want to portray themselfves in the most positive light and this creates systematic basis so the results aren't valid
27
How is the sample being biased be weakness of the study
It was only done in a working class so the results can't apply to everyone it may be different in upper class where are nannys The sample size it's self wasn't the largest
28
How is real application of the study a strength of the study
It gives young parents an idea on to how they should look after children properly in order for attachments to occur and for mothers how they should make sure their relationship with there infants are quality
29
Name a reason as to why fathers are unlikely to be a primary attachment.
They don't spend as much time with the infants (lamb 1997) this may due to work
30
What two factors are believed to be the reason as to why men can't form intense relationships with their infants
Social and biological factors
31
In interns of biological factors why is it that men are less likely to form intense relationships with their infants
Men don't produce the hormone oestrogen like women which enables them to be more caring to their infants and allows them to show more sensitivity
32
In terms of social expectations why can't men form intense relationships
As it's thought they shouldn't be sensitive to the needs of others and that it's more feminine and should be down by a women
33
Name supporting evidence for social expectations of the father
(Herman et al 1994) as it showed men are less sensitive to the infant cues
34
Name the two main animal study's into attachment
Lorenz Geese 1935 Harlows monkeys 1959
35
Describe the procedure in Lorenz Gesse 1935
He collected gosling eggs and divided then into two groups some whom he placed in a incubator and the others where left with there mother When the eggs in the incubator attached the first moving thing they saw was Lorenz and they began following him around
36
How did Lorenz test imprinting had occurred among the geese
He got all the hatched goslings to mix up and marked them to distinguish them
37
What were the findings of Lorenz geese
He found imprinting had occurred as some of the Geese went to him and others to there mother( Lorenz geese didn't show recognition of there mother)He suggested that imprinting occurred in an important time period known as critical period and it weren't occur if the animal is not exposed to a moving object during critical period
38
Name the long lasting effects of Lorenz study (link to findings)
He found imprinting was irreversible As the one of the geese would sleep on his bed everyday And he found early imprinting would effect mating preferences
39
Describe the procedure in Harlows study
Harlow used 8 infant rhesus monkeys and created two wire monkey one was covered with cloth and the mother was plain and each mother had a different head.He did the study for 125 days For 4 of the monkeys the milk bottle was given to the to plain covered monkeyFor the other 4 the milk bottle was given the cloth covered monkey They made observations on how much time was spent with each monkey And the infant monkeys responses when frightened
40
What were the findings of Harlows study
They found that the rheus monkeys spent most time with cloth covered monkey They only went to the plain wire monkey to be fedWhen they were scared they all fled to the cloth covered monkey and when they played with new objects they kept one foot on the cloth covered monkey for reassurance
41
What did Harlow conclude from his findings
That attachment develops as a result of the person who provides them with the most comfort
42
What were the long lasting effects on the monkeys in Harlows study
He found monkeys developed abnormally Socially abnormal due the fact they fled from other monkeys They didn't show normal mating behaviour and didn't cradle there own young
43
Name supporting evidence of animal studies
Guiton 1966 he found when leghorn chicks were exposed to a rubber glove for feeding they imprinted on it It supports that during critical period young animals will imprint on any moving object during critical period development
44
Name limitations and Critisims of studies on animals
Ethicis of Harlows study's Critisims of imprinting Confounding variables (Harlows study's)
45
How where the ethics of Harlows study weakness/ Critisims of studies on animals
As the animals were put under visible distress I.e scaring then It caused long lasting emotional damage as they weren't able to integrates properly with other animalsAs a result they were sexually and socially abnormal
46
Describe how Critisims of imprinting are a weakness of animals studies
Guitan was able to show that imprinting was reversible thus contradicting Lorenz that it was irreversible Gutian found that by allowing the chickens to spend time with their own species they were able to engage in normal sexual behaviour
47
How is the confounding variable in the animal studies a Critisim
The monkeys varied in more ways than one they had each had different heads as well as one was clothed and the other plain The difference in heads acted as a counfounding variable as it systematically varied with a independent variable Meaning this study lacked internal validity as it could be the monkeys preferred the cloth covered monkey as it had a more attractive head
48
What is the learning theory
That behaviour is learnt and infants are blanked states when born and what they become is based on experiences in their life
49
What did behaviourists suggest about attachment
That like all behaviour attachments is learnt through operant and classical conditioning
50
What is classical conditioning
Learning through association
51
According to classical conditioning in attachment what is the stimulus and what is the innate response
Stimulus is the food and The innate response is the is the response of pleasure
52
What does innate/unconditioned mean
It means the response isn't learned
53
In the learning theory at the start of attachment was the UCS(unconditioned stimulus) and what is the UCR( unconditioned response)
The food is the UCS and the UCR is the response of pleasure shown to the food
54
According to the learning theory during the early few months what are the things associated with feeding become known as
NS Neutral stimulus (I.e the mother, the chair she sits on )
55
According to the learning theory what happens if the NS and the UCS are constantly associated
The NS will produce the same responses as the UCR and will take over it's properties
56
What does the NS become after taking over the properties of the UCR
The CS ( conditioned stimulus) and so it's learned and will produce a CR(conditioned response
57
What is operant conditioning
Learning through reinforcement
58
What is a drive
Something that motivates a behaviour
59
In regards to attachment what would be the drive for a Hungary infant
It's drive will be to reduce the discomfort of being Hungary
60
When the infant is feed what will occur
The infant will gain a feeling of pleasure and this reduces the drive
61
What is the rewarding of being fed known as
Positive reinforcement
62
Why is the behaviour likely to repeated by the infant
As it lead to rewarding which is being fed
63
What is this process of behaviour leading to the rewarding
Drive reduction theory
64
What is the primary reinforcer in operant conditioning in accordance to attachment
Is the food
65
Why is the food the primary reinforcer
It's reinforced behaviour as it avoids discomfort
66
Who is the secondary reinforcer in operant conditioning
The person who supplies the reward as they become associated with avoiding discomfort
67
So according to operant conditioning how does attachment occur
Attachment will occur due to the infant seeking the person who can supply the reward
68
What is social learning theory
That an infant will imitate behaviours they see from there parents
69
Give 4 evaluation points for the use of learning theory in attachment
Comfort more important than food
Research based on animals
Uses scientific method
Alternative explanations
70
How is contact comfort being more important than food a weakness of learning theory being used to explain attachment
It states that food is the sole reason for attachment,but research like Emerson and Schaffer and Harlow's monkeys suggest that comfort and the quality of relationship is the real reason why attachment occur
Harlow found monkeys were more attached to the cloth covered as it provides the most comfort
Weakness as it contradicts the learning theory where it states food is responsible for attachment occurring via operant and classical conditioning
71
Why does the fact that the research in the learning theory uses animals a weakness of using it to explain attachment
As humans and animals aren't similar in terms of how we behave for instance we act consciously they act on instinct and the experiments weren't conducted on humans
It means they learning theory only applies to animals and how they form attachments
It's means we can't extrapolate the findings to humans as it was only conducted on animals
72
How does the fact that the learning theory (for attachment) uses a scientific method a strength
The experiments are done in a highly controlled environment and settings were variables are highly controlled
Strength as it shows that theory can be used to explain attachment as the experimental method is making it valid and so they can be generalised to the population
73
How is the fact there an alternative theory of attachment a weakness of the learning theory h
Bowlbys is theory is seen as better as it has many advantages of the learning theory
Learning theory explains how attachments may form bowlbys theory states why they form
It also states advantages of attachment such as it enhances survival and enables protection of harm while the learning theory doesn't show any advantages
Weakness as it shows how limited the learning theory is in explaining attachment and that there are more concise theories
74
When does attachment occur in bowlbys theory
In critical period which last 6 months
75
What are social releases and why are they important in bowlby theory
They are innate mechanisms like smiling and laughing that are exhibited by a baby which elicits caregiving from the care giver and it results in attachment occurring
76
What did bowlby state that the benefits of attachment were
It's ensures survival and protection
77
What is meant by innate in bowlbys theory
That infants have a biological drive to develop biological behaviours like attachment
78
What did bowlby state determines attachment occurring between mother and child
Sensitivity of the caregiver towards the needs of the child
79
What is continuity hypothesis (bowlby)
It states that infants who are strongly attached in infancy will continue to be emotionally secure trusting and and socially confidant adults o
80
What is monotropy
That infants have one special emotional bond with their primary caregiver
81
According to bowlbys theory why are secondary attachments important
They provide a emotional safety net and are vital for social development
82
What is the internal working model in accordance to attachment (bowlby)
A mental representation of a persons expectations of attachment as a result of their own attachment in monotropy
83
What is a long consequence of monotropy
It becomes a platform for a person expectations of being in an intimate loving relationship has already been experienced
84
Name strengths/ supporting evidence of bowlbys theory of attachment
Monotropy multiple attachments in a hierarchical model( supporting evidence
(Gross man and grossmann(1991)
Prior and glaser(2006)
Evidence to support continuity hypothesis (scroufe et al 2005)
85
Name some contradictions/limitations of bowlbys theory of monotrpopy
An alternative explanation(kagan (1984)temperament hypothesis with supporting evidence from belsky and rovine (1987)
Description of critical period is not true called sensitive period
86
How does grossmann and grossmann 1991 support that bowlbys theory is like a hierarchical model
They did research on fathers attachment and found that fathers play a key role as a secondary attachments and In social development
87
What did bowlby think about secondary attachments
He believed them to be important a
For social development but more healthy develop lemony that primary attachment is needed for healthy development and so is higher than multiple attachment
88
What did prior and glaser 2006 say that supports bowlbys theory
Evaluation
They conclude from the reaserch that that the evidence by grossmann supports that bowlbys theory is in like a hierarchy
89
How does the Minnesota parent study (scoufre et al 2005) support bowlbys theory
Evaluation
They followed infants from adolescence and were able to find a link between early attachments and later attachments
This was because infants who were classified as securely attachted in infancy Had the highest rating for social competence later in their childhood and they were more popular less isolated in school
Supports the continuity hypothesis as it shows continuity between early attachment and later emotional behaviour
90
How is bowlbys description of critical period a Criticism itself of his own theory
He stated after critical period it was impossible for attachment to form
But this as been seen as wrong as Rutter et al suggests it's not always the care as Romanian kids adopted after 6 months still formed disinhibted attachments
So instead sensitive period is used to show a window of development where children are more receptive to formulate behaviours like attachment more efficiently but these developments can take place outside this window
91
How does kagen temperament hypothesis act as contradiction to bowlbys theory
Bowlbys theory suggests attachment is dependant on sensitivity towards the infant
By in kagens theory attachment is dependant on an infants emotional personality( temperament) as those who have an easy temperament are more likely to have a strong attachment as they are easier to tend to
And those who are Differcult to tend to are seen as insecurely attachted
A
92
How does belsky and rovine(1987) support kagens theory
They found infants between 1-3 days that showed signs of behaviour instability (being Differcult to tend to ) they were judged to be insecurely attachted
93
Describe the study that Mary ainsworth conducted in 1978
They videoed how an infant reacted in certain scenarios. They would video how the infant reacted when it stayed with their parent and a stranger alternatively, they wanted to how the baby reacted when separated from their parent (separation anxiety) and how the reacted when reunited with their parent(reunion behaviour) and how they responseded to the stranger (stranger anxiety )
94
What were the findings of Ainsworthd study
She combined the data for 106 middle class infants and concluded that there were 3 types of attachment
Secure attractant
Insecure avoidant
Insecure resistant
95
What is a secure attachment
Infants who were cooperative and had harmonious interactions with their caregiver , they are easily soothed and seek and are comfortable with social interaction and initamacy, they showed distress when left with a stranger
66% of the kids in the strange situation were classified as a secure attachment
96
What is insecure aviodant attachment
These where children who avoid social and intimacy with others
In the study these where kids that had little response to separation and didn't seek proximity when the caregiver returned
22% of kids where classified as this
97
What is insecure resistant
They both seek and resist intimacy and social interaction
In the study these were kids that showed intense separation and stranger anxiety and showed conflicting behaviour on reunion
12 % of kids were classified as this
98
Name some strengths of Ainsworths study on the strange situation
Observations had a high reliability
Real life application
99
What where the limitations of ainsworth study
Low internal validity
Other types of attachment mislooked one
100
How did Ainsworths observations have high reliability(strength of the study) evaluation
For the results to be valid there had to be agreement among observers
Ainsworth study found perfect agreement as it scored 0.94 out of 1 showing the results from the observation were reliable
101
How are the results of Ainsworths study applied to real life ( strength of the study)
They are used improve infant caregiver attachments if they aren't secure
Cooper et al 2005 they taught a caregiver to have a better understanding of the infants when they are distressed and to understand when they are anxious
The results where that infants classified as secure increased from 32% to 40%
And those classified as disordered attachments from 60%-15%
102
What other type of attachment was found and contradicts Ainsworths study
Main and Solomon 1988 they found that Ainsworths overlooked a fourth attachment
They proposed type D insecure disorganised attachment it's those who don't have a consistent type of attachment
It was supported by van izendoon et al (1999) they found 15% of infants were classified as insecure disorganised they showed a strong attachment behaviour followed by avoidant looks to their caregiver
103
How did ainsworth show study of low internal validity (Critisim of the study ) h
Main and Weston (1981) stated the strange situation only measured the quality of one relationship
They found kids would behave differently dependant on which parent they were with show the classification is attachment type isn't valid as only one relationship is measured
104
What is cultural varaiation
The way people in different cultures vary in their social practices and it had an effect on their development and behaviour
105
Name the procedure that van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg did in 1988
They conducted a meta analysis of the findings 32 studies on attachment and examined 2000 studies of the strange situation in 8 different counties
They wanted to see if they could inter cultural differences which are differences between countries and cultures
As well as thus they wanted to find intra cultural differences which is findings that occurred within a culture
106
What were the findings of van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg
They found in every country the most common classification of attachment was secure, then avoidant bar japan and isreal
The results suggest that secure is the most common attachment in ever country and that secure is the best form of attachment for healthy and social development
They found that intra cultures was 1.5 times greater than inter cultural
107
How does grossmann and grossmann research support van izendoorn findings
They were able to support why they were high levels of insecure avoidant in Germany
They said the reason for this was as a result of different childbearing practices in Germany parents keep some interpersonal distances between them and their kids and so they do not engage in proximity seeking behaviours
Provides evidence for findings and explanations
108
Give 4 evaluation points for research into cultural variation
Culture bias -rothbuam 2002
Imposed etic
Research support for secure attachment being most common
Research support for high insecure avoidant in Germany grossman
And Takashi for high insecure resistant
109
What is imposed etic and why is it an issue with research into cultural variations
It's when a technique designed in one culture is used on another,
In Japan dependence is seen as secure while in the US independence is seen as secure
In the strange situation in accordance to western criteria Japanese came across as insecurely attached but their standards they are securely attached
Hence it shows that the study lacks validity so results can be generalised to every culture as their standards and beliefs aren't taken into account
110
Why is culture bias a weakness of cultural variations in attachment r
Rothbaum stated that the theory of attachment and its methods weren't relevant to other cultures as they only took into account western cultures and ideals
Ie continuity hypothesis doesn't have the same meaning in other cultures so can't be applied to them only western cultures
As western cultures are classified as individualists while other cultures like Japan are collectivists
Meaning their idea of a secure attachment is different individuals value independence and secure attachments show this as wells as socially competence when they grow up
Collectivists are more group oriented and competence for them is shown by not displaying feelings or emotion in a secure attachment.
Therefore these theories can't be applied as cultures vary to much
111
Name the a study that shows cultural similarities and the procedure
Tronick et al 1992 they got infants to be breasted by different women but stayed with their mothers during the night they still found that after 6 months they still formed one primary attachment shows secure attachment is the most common
113
What is bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation
That if a child is subject to prolonged emotional deprivation they will suffer the effects of emotional maladjustment in later life
114
How does takahashi support van izendoorn study
They showed and explained the reasons why they found high levels of insecure resistant attachment in Japan
They repeated the method in the strange situation and found 90% had to have the study stopped as their distress when being left was extreme
They stated the reason was that in Japan children are rarely separated from their mothers so when they got separated it resulted in the distressed response so they are classified as insecurely attached
115
What did bowlby believe was important for an infant to develop a normal mental health
They needed loving warm intimate care that was continous from their mother
116
What does bowlby state that in critical period if prolonged separations happen what affect does it have in the infant
That the infant becomes emotionally disturbed and they long term consequences are emotional maladjustment and mental health issues like depression
117
How long does critical period last (theory of maternal deprevation
2 .5 years to 5 years
118
Describe the procedure in bowlbys 44 thieves in 1944
He studied 88 children that had been diagnosed as emotional maladjusted. 44 were caught stealing and the other was a control group. The 44 were diagnosed by bowlby himself as affection less psychopaths as they showed no sense of responsibility or shame which is why they stole so they didn't care
119
What were the findings of bowlbys 44 thieves
He found all thieves diagnosed as affection less psychopaths had experienced early separations
12/14 thieves were said to be affection less psychopaths compared to 5/30 who had experienced early separations from their mothers
In total 39% of all thieves experienced early separations compared to none in the control group so they spent time away from their family
120
What can be concluded from bowlbys findings
It supports his theory of maternal der privation as it showed lack of continous loving and affection lead to emotional maladjustment and mental disorders
121
Name some strengths is bowlbys research and theory of maternal deprivation
Real life application
Supporting evidence from antonia bilfuco
122
What are limitations/Critisims of bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation
Micheal Rutter the difference between deprivation and privation bowlby dosent define them properly
Validity
123
How has bowlbys research been applied to real life (strength of the study
It has been used in hospitals to change how children are looked after
They were initially separated from their parents but due to bowlbys work along with roberston 1952 it's not the case
124
Describe the procedure in roberston 1952 that supports bowlbys research
He filmed 2 year old Laura and the video showed her being under visible distress when separated from her parents in hospital
It showed the impact separation has on a child
125
Describe the procedure of antonia bilfuco 1992 and how it supports bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation
She studied women who had experienced separations from their mothers through paternal death or from temporary separation for more than a year
She found those who had been separated temporarily 25% of them experienced mental disorder anxiety and depression and those who experienced separation before 6 the mental problems was worse
It supports bowlbys theory notion of critcal period
126
State a Critisim in bowlbys research in terms of its validity
It lacks validity in the sense that bowlby alone diagnosed the kids as affection less psychopaths without consulting anyone else so it makes his results biased
127
How is deprivation and privation a Critisim of bowlbys work
Micheal Rutter critised bowlbys theory of deprivation as the explanation is vague as it's not clear is attachment had occurred but had been broken or it hadn't occurred at all
Rutter defined deprivation is when a bond develops but due to prolonged or traumatic separations is disrupted or lost
And privation is when attachment between caregiver and infant hasn't occurred at all
128
What is insitutionalisation
The effects of institutional Care on young infants in terms of attachment they can't form them due to not having a primary caregiver and it leads to social mental and physical underdevelopment
129
Describe the procedure In Rutter and Sonuga barke
They studied both English and Romanian orphans which included 165 Romanian children who had spent their early lives in Romanian institutions and as a result suffered from the effects of institutionalisation 111 of the Romanian orphans were adopted before the 2 years while the others were adopted before the age of 4
All the adopteses were tested to asses those physical cognitive and social development at regular intervals as well as info was gathered about the kids from their teachers parent and compared their progress to 52 British adoptees who had been adopted before 6 months
130
What were the findings of Rutter and Sonuga barke study
They found that some Romanian orphans who had been adopted before the age of 6 months were able to catch up to the British orphans in measure of physical cognitive and social development after previously lacking in those areas
However those adopted after 6 showed defects they struggled to form peer relationships and showed signs of disinhibted attachments thus highlighting how the lack of emotional deprivation can cause devistating effects on a child
131
What did Rutter conclude from his findings for the effects of institutionalisation
He concluded that if children have the chance to form attachments the long term consequences are less severe
But if they continually fail to form attachments the consequences are severe
132
What are the 4 effects of insitutionalisation
Poor parenting(when older
Intellectually underfunctioning
Physical underdevelopment
Disinhibted attachments
133
Name some strengths/ supporting evidence of Rutter study's (Evaluation
Lots of research support
Value of longitudinal studies
Real world application
134
Name critisims of Rutters study
Deprivation is one factor
Institutionalisation may be slow development
135
Describe how real world application is a strength of Rutters study
They found that children adopted before 6 months caught up with the British kids in measures of physical cognitive and social development despite lacking previously
This finding is vital as it points out the importance of early adoption as before mothers who wanted to put there baby up for adoption were told to nurse them for a specific amount of time meaning by the time of adoption the sensitive period of attachment would have passed resulting in it being harder for secure attachments form with the adoptive family
With Rutters research babies are now adopted within the first week of birth. And research has shown they are now adoptive mothers and children are just as securely attached as non adoptive families
136
Name and describe a supporting study of Rutters study
Zeanah et al 2005
They compared 136 children between 12-31 months with a control group and the 136 children had spent an average of 90 % of there lives in institutions the children had been institutionalised shown signs of disinhibted attachments
Supporting Rutters conclusion that kids who aren't adopted after 6 months suffer from severe consequences such as disinhibted attachment
137
Describe how the evaluation point of deprivation being one factor a criticism of Rutters study
As his research implies that only emotional deprivation( lack of attachment is the cause of the consequences infants face in later life but it's only one factor(damage occurs due to multiple risks)
Their health is also effected by the poor physical conditions
As well as the lack of cognitive stimulation would have an affect on their development doesn't take into account all the factors that cause and impact a child development
138
Explain how the evaluation point insitutionalisation may be down to slow development is a critism of the study
Rutters study implies the effects of insitutionalisation are irreversible but this may not be the case as research like la mare and audet have shown with enough emotional care the effects of institutionalisation may disappear they found that 36 children who were adopted after 4 years where able to catch up to a control group in terms of physical development after 10 years
139
What's the role of the IWM in the influence on early attachment
It's that through IWM infants are able to learn about relationships through experience they learn what a relationship is and how partners behave with one another
140
What is meant by when IWM is said to be operable
That it is used to predict the behaviour of other people in the future
141
Describe hazen and schaffer procedure in investigating People IWM
They placed a quiz in a magazine to identify current and childhood attachment types they asked questions. About attachment history and their current attachment experiences and in order to assess IWM they asked questions about their attitude towards love
142
What were the findings from hazen and schaffers investigation
In the self report of attachment prevalence of attachment styles was similar to what was found in infancy 56% secure 25% avoidant and 19% was resistant
Between attachment type and love experiences they found correlation
Ie securely attached adults states their love experience were happy and friendly and trusting and these relationships where the ones that lasted the longest 10 years on average 5 for resistant and 6 for avoidant
They also found a relationship between concept of love IWM and attachment type those who had a secure attachment had s positive IWM
143
Name for behaviours influenced by IWM
Child hood friendships
Poor parenting( use as evaluation)
Romantic relationships
Mental health
144
Give two weaknesses of the investigation conducted by hazen and shaver
Retrospective classification
Overly determinst
145
How is retrospective classification a weakness of Emerson and shaver experiment
It's because the quiz relied on people recalling past events which in most cases are inaccurate and Flawed hence making the results of their experiment invalid
146
How is it being overly determinst a limitation of hazen and shaver study
It states that our early experiences have an effect on later adult relationships so if a child is said to insecurely attached they are doomed in later life as they would have emotionally unsatisfactory relationships
It's found not to be the case as adults found not to securely attached have experienced happy adult relationship
147
Name a supporting piece of evidence for the results found in havzen and shaffer experiment
Simpson et al
147
State how Simpson et al is a supporting piece of evidence for hazen and shaffers and describe the procedure investigation
They assessed infant attachment type from age 1
They found infants whom were rates as securely attached had the highest rating from social competence as children were more expressive and attached emotionally attached to their partners
It supports IWM influence as it supports the view that early attachment type predicts future relationships in adulthood and supports the correlation found in the investigation that those who had s secure attachment had a positive IWM
148
Describe what the research by Quinton et al and how it supports the IWM and influence on early attachment
They investigated women who had raised in care and those who had been raised at home they found those who were raised in care had difficulties with being parents and some of their kids were in care
Strength can be explained in terms of IWM as by not having a reference point in formation of attachment in early child hood it meant they found it difficulties forming attachment as they had never experienced it before but
